Neste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar o efeito da adubação com lodo de esgoto submetido a diferentes processos de higienização, sobre os teores de metais pesados e densidade de patógenos no solo e em grãos de milho e feijão caupi consorciados. Os tratamentos no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, corresponderam a: Solo sem adubação; Calagem e adubação química; Lodo não higienizado; Lodo higienizado com nim; Lodo higienizado com cal; Composto de lodo e ipomoea; Composto de lodo e ipomoea com fosfato; Lodo não higienizado e fosfato no solo; Lodo higienizado com nim e fosfato no solo; Lodo higienizado com cal e fosfato no solo; Composto de lodo e ipomoea e fosfato no solo. As densidades de patógenos no solo foram extremamente baixas e não diferiram entre tratamentos. As concentrações de metais pesados no solo, mesmo com uso do lodo de esgoto, não extrapolaram os limites máximos de adição anual nem os limites máximos permitidos para solos; apesar disso, as concentrações de Pb em grãos de milho, e de Pb e Cr em grãos de feijão, atingiram valores acima dos limites permitidos para produtos agrícolas, independente da adição de lodo ao solo. Em geral, não houve influência dos tipos de lodo de esgoto em relação aos teores de metais pesados, em grãos de milho e feijão.
Two species of Spiroplasma (Mollicutes) bacteria were isolated from and described as pathogens of the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, ∼30 years ago but recent information on them is lacking despite global concern to understand bee population declines. Here we provide a comprehensive survey for the prevalence of these two Spiroplasma species in current populations of honey bees using improved molecular diagnostic techniques to assay multiyear colony samples from North America (U.S.A.) and South America (Brazil). Significant annual and seasonal fluctuations of Spiroplasma apis and Spiroplasma melliferum prevalence in colonies from the U.S.A. (n = 616) and Brazil (n = 139) occurred during surveys from 2011 through 2013. Overall, 33% of U.S.A. colonies and 54% of Brazil colonies were infected by Spiroplasma spp., where S. melliferum predominated over S. apis in both countries (25% vs. 14% and 44% vs. 38% frequency, respectively). Colonies were co-infected by both species more frequently than expected in both countries and at a much higher rate in Brazil (52%) compared to the U.S.A. (16.5%). U.S.A. samples showed that both species were prevalent not only during spring, as expected from prior research, but also during other seasons. These findings demonstrate that the model of honey bee spiroplasmas as springtime-restricted pathogens needs to be broadened and their role as occasional pathogens considered in current contexts.
A s hortaliças constituem um grupo de plantas que requer quantidades elevadas de calcário e fertilizantes orgânicos e minerais, que podem representar de 20 a 30% dos custos de produção (Trani & Raij, 1997). A espécie Beta vulgaris é pertencente à família Quenopodiacea. É originária de regiões européias e norte-africanas de clima temperado. A planta é bienal, cuja parte comestível é uma raiz tuberosa de formato globular e sabor acentuadamente doce, mesmo na beterraba olerácea (Filgueira, 2000). Em sua raiz tuberosa a cor vermelho-arroxeada é devido à presença de betalaínas. Além de possuir substâncias químicas importantes, a beterraba vem se destacando entre as hortaliças, pelo seu conteúdo em vitaminas do complexo B e os nutrientes potássio, sódio, ferro, cobre e zinco (Ferreira & Tivelli, 1990 (Filgueira, 2000). A importância do suprimento e da absorção de nutrientes para a produção das culturas tem resultado, por muitos anos, em uma vasta experimentação e literatura pertinente à nutrição e ao crescimento da planta. Uma grande quantidade de publicações tem relacionado experimentos com plântulas em estudos de laboratórios, nas quais a suposição básica é de que sob ambiente controlado, os efeitos de diversos nutrientes minerais sobre o crescimento da planta podem ser mais facilmente estudados do que no campo (Marschner, 1995). Os efeitos dos nutrientes no crescimento e na produção são usualmente estudados em termos das suas funções no metabolismo das plantas. Além disso, a nutrição mineral pode influenciar o crescimento e a produção das plantas cultivadas de forma secundária, causando modificações na forma de crescimento, na morfologia, na anatomia e na sua composição química.Na literatura, estudos sobre omissão de nutrientes na cultura da beterraba são insipientes. Diante do exposto, este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito das omissões de macronutrientes sobre o desenvolvimen- RESUMOCom o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da omissão de macronutrientes no desenvolvimento e no estado nutricional da beterraba, assim como descrever sintomas visuais de deficiência nutricional, um experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, SP. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos, que corresponderam à solução completa (macro e micronutrientes) e à omissão individual de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, com três repetições. Avaliou-se a altura das plantas, o número de folhas, a área foliar, a matéria seca da parte aérea, da raiz e planta inteira, os teores dos macronutrientes da parte aérea e raiz e descritos as desordens nutricionais. As omissões individuais de N, P, K e Ca foram as mais limitantes para o crescimento vegetativo da beterraba, reduzindo consideravelmente a altura, o número de folhas e as matérias secas de parte aérea, raiz e planta inteira. Foram observados sintomas de deficiência nutricional de cada elemento. Os teores dos macronutrientes na parte aérea do tratamento completo e com omissão dos nutrientes foram respectivamente: N = 32,9...
In order to characterize the expression of genes associated with immune response mechanisms to mastitis, we quantified the relative expression of the IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-g and TNF-a genes in milk cells of healthy cows and cows with clinical mastitis. Total RNA was extracted from milk cells of six Black and White Holstein (BW) cows and six Gyr cows, including three animals with and three without mastitis per breed. Gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. IL-10 gene expression was higher in the group of BW and Gyr cows with mastitis compared to animals free of infection from both breeds (p < 0.05). It was also higher in BW Holstein animals with clinical mastitis (p < 0.001), but it was not significant when Gyr cows with and without mastitis were compared (0.05 < p < 0.10). Among healthy cows, BW Holstein animals tended to present a higher expression of all genes studied, with a significant difference for the IL-2 and IFN-g genes (p < 0.001). For animals with mastitis no significant difference in gene expression was observed between the two breeds. These findings suggest that animals with mastitis develop a preferentially cell-mediated immune response. Further studies including larger samples are necessary to better characterize the gene expression profile in cows with mastitis.
h i g h l i g h t sOf the 587 populations tested for pyrethroids, 97.44% were resistant. For organophosphates were tested 306 populations and 75.49% were resistant. Into populations resistant to pyrethroids, 91% are heterozygous. The analysis confirmed the serious problem of resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus populations. g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t a b s t r a c tThe monitoring of resistance of cattle tick populations in Brazil to the chemical bases in use is largely limited to investigation of the phenotypic profile. There are few studies investigating the role played by the genotypic profile in acaricide resistance in the country. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to carry out molecular characterization and trace out the genetic profile of populations of Rhipicephalus microplus with respect to resistance to the organophosphate and pyrethroid chemical groups. For that purpose, larvae were genotyped belonging to 587 populations for pyrethroids and 306 for organophosphates, using the polymerase chain reaction technique. It was found that 75.49% and 97.44% of the larvae studied showed resistance to the organophosphates and pyrethroids, respectively. Among the populations resistant to pyrethroids, 91.9% were heterozygotes, showing that most of the resistant populations have only one allele responsible for resistance. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the genotyped populations have high resistance to organophosphates, and even more so to pyrethroids. This information is fundamental for understanding the mechanisms of resistance of R. microplus to acaricides, to enable improvement of control techniques.
(Zn), and the deficiency of Zn is recognized as a world nutritional problem for cereal production and human beings. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to assess the effects of different methods of Zn application on the quality of corn and sorghum grains grown in Oxisol. Two experiments were set up in the experimental area of UNESP (campus of Jaboticabal, Brazil). The following nine treatments were applied: three doses of Zn by banded application (seed furrows), three doses of Zn by incorporation into soil (0-20 cm depth), foliar application, seed application, and control (no Zn applied). The treatments were arranged in randomized blocks with four replicates. The contents of Zn, carbohydrates and proteins were determined for corn and sorghum grains. Regardless of the method, Zn application promoted higher contents of this micronutrient in corn and sorghum grains. The banded application method of Zn in soil promoted greater contents of total carbohydrates, starch and protein in both cultures. The incorporation of Zn into the soil method provided higher contents of soluble carbohydrates in both corn and sorghum grains.
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