The use of a correction factor is recommended based on the differences in European and Asian MoM values. Developing country-specific medians in larger study populations can help identify clinical relevant differences and give the opportunity to explore a more accurate risk calculation.
This study focuses on defining the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Ha Noi city. Firstly, the MSW samplings at Nam Son and Xuan Son landfills were collected to identify the components. Based on the statistical data on the amount and ratio of MSW collected, the volume of MSW treated by different technologies was estimated. Then, the GHG emissions were quantified by applying the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 model. The annual GHG released from MSW in Ha Noi in 2017 was 1.1 million tons of CO2e from landfilling, 16.3 thousand tons of CO2e from incineration, and 76,100 tons of CO2e from composting. The GHG emission level from landfills is the highest (327 kg of CO2e per ton of treated waste), followed by composting (189 kg of CO2e per ton), and incineration (115 kg of CO2e per ton). The GHG emissions from landfills comprised nearly 90% of GHG emissions from MSW disposal in Ha Noi. The results also revealed that if there are no measures to recover landfill gas for energy generation, the GHG generated from MSW treatment facilities will also contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect and climate change impact. These research results also supply the basis information for decision-makers to select the appropriate MSW treatment technologies for Ha Noi in the context of increasing population pressure and environmental pollution.
Abstract:This paper assesses the risk of lead and cadmium heavy metals on Cyprinus carpio in laboratory conditions. The research determined the 96 hours LC50 value of lead nitrate and cadmium nitrate in the fish Cyprinus carpio. This study combined the ecological toxicology test with the ecological hazard description to determine the acute toxicity effects of lead and cadmium on Cyprinus carpio. Ecological toxicology took place in 96 hours with test concentration of 0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 mg/l on lead and 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 3.0 mg/l on cadmium. Through probit analysis, the LC50 after 96 hours of lead and cadmium in Cyprinus carpio was found to be 0.987 mg/l and 1.171 mg/l, respectively. Through monitoring the biological behaviour of Cyprinus carpio when exposed to lead and cadmium, it was observed that the number of deaths is proportional to the concentration of chemical exposure time. The abnormal morphology and behaviour of the fish also increased with testing time and lead and cadmium concentration. Cyprinus carpio also absorbs lead and cadmium in its body; the cumulative content is similar as above.
Objective: To describe the situation and analyze some related factors on the patient safety culture of health workers at Vietnam - Cuba Friendship Hospital in 2020 Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that combines qualitative and quantitative methods, conducted at Vietnam - Cuba Friendship Hospital, from February to November 2020. The quantitative research was using HSOPSC toolkit to consult 165 doctors, nurses/technicians; and conducting 12 in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed by using SPSS software and the qualitative one was recorded, analyzed, and synthesized with each group of influencing factors. Main findings: The overall positive response rate with patient safety culture is 73.9%. The highest positive response rate is 94.2% with “Teamwork within units” dimension and the lowest rated dimension was 50.1% with “Nonpunitive response to error” dimension. The low and middle-income group rated the level of internal safety higher than the high-income group (p = 0.001), and positively response rate to patient safety culture of health workers at Internal Medicine Department is higher than that at Surgery and Subclinical Departments (p <0.05). In-depth interviews showed management concerns, process/regulation systems, patient safety training, adverse event reporting systems, punishment mechanism and monitoring activities are factors affecting patient safety culture. Conclusions and recommendation: Communication about medical adverse event management for all health staff of the hospital and application of the patient safety culture should be improved. Keywords: patient safety culture, impacting factors, Vietnam – Cuba Friendship Hospital
To evaluate CO2 emission mitigation potential and cost effectiveness of rice husk utilization, Life Cycle Analysis was conducted for 9 scenarios. The results showed that, gasification is the most efficient CO2 mitigation. From cost analysis, the cost mitigation can be achieved by replacing the current fossil fuels in cooking scenarios. Among the power generation scenarios, it was found that 30MW combustion and 5MW gasification power generations were the most economically-efficient scenarios. The briquette combustion power generation appeared less cost-competitive than direct combustion, whilst the large-scale gasification scenarios and the pyrolysis scenarios give the increase in cost from the baseline. From the viewpoints of both CO2 and cost, it was indicated that the win-win scenarios can be the rice husk use for cooking, for large-scale combustion power generation, and for small-scale gasification. Để đánh giá tiềm năng giảm thiểu phát thải CO2 và hiệu quả chi phí của việc sử dụng trấu, phương pháp đánh giá vòng đời sản phẩm đã được thực hiện cho 9 kịch bản. Kết quả cho thấy, khí hóa trấu để sản xuất điện có tiềm năng giảm phát sinh khí CO2 nhiều nhất. Kết quả phân tích chi phí cho thấy việc giảm thiểu chi phí có thể đạt được khi thay thế sử dụng nhiên liệu hóa thạch trong kịch bản dùng trấu cho nấu ăn. Giữa các kịch bản về sản xuất điện, hiệu quả kinh tế cao nhất trong trường hợp đốt trực tiếp trấu để sản xuất điện ở quy mô công xuất lớn (30MW) và khí hóa ở quy mô trung bình (5MW). Trường hợp dùng củi trấu không mang lại hiệu quả kinh tế so với dùng trực tiếp trấu để phát điện. Hai trường hợp dùng trấu để sản xuất dầu sinh học và khí hóa gas công suất lớn (30MW) cho thấy chi phí tăng cao so với điều kiện biên. Kịch bản cho kết quả khả thi về hiệu quả kinh tế và giảm phát thải CO2 là dùng trấu để nấu ăn, đốt trực tiếp để phát điện công suất lớn và khí hóa công suất trung bình.
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