Virgin coconut oil (VCO) was extracted from coconut milk with the aid of crude protease extract (CPE) from hepatopancreas of Pacific white shrimp at different levels (5–15 U/g protein) for various hydrolysis times (0–24 h). Yield of VCO increased within the first 6 h. The use of CPE exhibited similar extraction efficiency to the typical fermentation process. However, lipids extracted with fermentation process underwent oxidation to a higher extent, compared with those extracted using CPE. CPE increased the creaming index and induced the collapse of oil droplets in coconut milk, as determined by the phase contrast microscope. VCO contained medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), especially lauric acid (C12:0), as the most abundant fatty acid, followed by myristic acid (C14:0). Therefore, VCO could be extracted using CPE at room temperature for 6 h, in which the extraction yield was increased and lipid oxidation was negligible.
Practical applications: Pacific white shrimp hepatopancreas can be a major source of proteases, especially trypsin, that can be used for hydrolysis of lipoprotein or to destabilize emulsion. Proteases from shrimp hepatopancreas could be used as a promising processing aid for virgin coconut oil extraction, in which the cost associated with commercial enzymes could be reduced and the proteases from shrimp processing byproducts were better exploited. The proteases from shrimp hepatopancreas can therefore be of benefit for the virgin coconut oil processing enterprise or industry by increasing extraction efficacy via destabilzation of coconut milk emulsion.
Proteases from Pacific white shrimp hepatopancreas can be used as the aid for VCO extraction via the accelerated emulsion destabilization without any negative effect on quality.
Biocalcium (BC) powder from the bones of precooked skipjack tuna was produced and characterized, compared to calcined bone (CB) powder. Higher calcium (40.35%) and phosphorous (15.28%) contents were found in the CB powder, compared to BC powder (26.91 and 12.63%, respectively). Nevertheless, similar Ca/P ratio was observed (1.62–1.65). Mean particle sizes of both powders were 17.07–20.29 µm. BC powder had higher b* (yellowness) with slightly lower L* (lightness) values than the CB counterpart (p < .05). Both samples showed a characteristic peak of hydroxyapatite in X‐ray diffraction patterns, in which the crystallinities of the BC and CB powders were 45.19 and 74.69%, respectively. Amides I, II, and III peaks in Fourier transform infrared spectrum, hydroxyproline, and protein were detected only in the BC powder. BC powder had a low abundance of volatile compounds, including aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones. A negligible amount of volatiles was found in the CB powder.
Practical applications
Calcium supplementation has been increasingly used to alleviate the lack of calcium in the human body, particularly inadequate levels of calcium and poor absorption. Calcium associated with peptides or biocalcium (BC) has a higher advantage in terms of absorption than calcium alone. Precooked skipjack tuna is considered a promising source for BC production due to its abundance. BC with improved color and odor along with increased solubility in gastrointestinal tract can be used as an alternative calcium supplement to tackle the inadequate intake of dietary calcium.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.