A survey was conducted in November 2015 in one of the pocket area of large cardamom production in Teharthum District, eastern Nepal with aim to investigate the status of cardamom enterprises. The parameters used were cardamom production area, type of manure used, drying facilities, technical skills of farmers, market channels and variable cost etc. We purposively selected 30 cardamom producers and stakeholders for interview pre-designed questionnaires. The result showed that average area, production and productivity of large cardamom per household were 0.86 ha, 200 kg and 232 kg.ha -1 , respectively, with the average farming experience of 22 years. It was revealed that 13% farmers used farmyard organic manure, the use of 1.5 kg/plant farmyard manure might produce 28.5% higher yield cardamom compared to without using any manure or fertilizers. It was also revealed among the responded only 7% had received improved drying machine from District Agriculture Development Office (DADO) at50% subsidy, while only 23% of farmers received training and technical services from DADO. The study showed that per hectare average total cost of large cardamom production, selling price and gross revenue were NRs. 2,36,705 ($2255), NRs. 5,50,305 ($5240) and NRs. 3,13,600 ($2985), respectively, with benefit/cost (B/C) ratio of 2 after the completion of gestation period of 4 years. Our survey showed that predominant marketing approach was by direct sell to the traders located at district headquarter. The productivity of large cardamom was influenced by various factors, such as nearly 75.2% of the variation in productivity was explained by the number of active family members, farming period, area, intercultural operations, variable cost and depreciated fixed cost.
To study the price and volume variability pattern and analyze the relationship of market arrival with the prices of major vegetables, a study was conducted in Pokhara wholesale market, Nepal. The study collected seventeen year's monthly data of the wholesale market starting from 2001/02. Farmgate and retail market prices of major vegetables were collected by market surveys. The results revealed that the mean variability in the arrival of sponge gourd was higher, followed by green peas, tomato, bitter gourd, cucumber, cauliflower, and cabbage. The study reported stability in the price of green peas, bitter gourd, and cucumber compared to the prices of cabbage and tomato. The study confirmed numerous cases of positive relationships, though statistically non-significant, between market arrival and prices in terms of coefficient of correlation across months, although a negative relationship was found over the years in almost half of the cases. Computation of compound annual growth rate revealed a 7.22% growth in price and 13.95% growth in the arrival volume of selected vegetables over the years. Regression analysis confirmed that the volume of cauliflower was affected by the price and quantity of its close substitutes. A comparison between the farmgate, wholesale, and retail prices reveals that the mean price spread of fresh vegetables was 57.33%. The most crucial effect of these price differential was on producers since the mean producer's share was only 42.67%. The study suggested due consideration of the Government of Nepal to enhance market intelligence, stability in price, cold chamber, and cold chain development.
Dairy sub-sector is recognized as fast growing profitable agro-business in far-western Terai districts but past studies to support that statement is lacking. The field survey was conducted from February to April 2012 with the aim to analyse business capabilities of operational service providers, investigating value chain analysis and market analysis of the overall milk business. The study collected primary information from 103 respondents by applying multi-stakeholder discussions along with constraint-opportunity analysis. The identified value chain functions were: input supply, milk production, collection, chilling, processing, trading and consumption. The major business stakeholders included 28 private dairies, 34 milk producing cooperatives,7 chilling centres, Dhangadhi Milk Supply Scheme, 25 milk vendors, 44 sweet houses, and more than 100 hotels and restaurants which were transacting 20800 tons equals milk and milk products. Value margin analysis revealed that milk producers were earning higher profit in comparison to the additional cost required for product transformation. Nevertheless, accounting dominance of services offered ultimately on market functions, private dairies were capturing higher profit margins through retailing short shelf-life products disposing through local market outlets. Gross margin analysis on few dairy products sold by the private dairies revealed that selling curd, paneer, Khoa, and ice cream were respectively two times, five times and twenty times profitable, than the selling standard milk. The market analysis indicated 26 percent higher supply of milk in flush season months to the end market outlets. The leverage point of future interventions were: immediate need of preparing at and working upon dairy business plan in coordination across value chains actors, strengthening backward linkage particularly input and production management, and encouraging to manufacture long shelf-life dairy products.Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science. Vol. 33-34, 2015, page: 269-281
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