The search for natural sources to control microorganisms is of interest in food production. This study evaluated the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Psidium cattleianum leaves. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and identified by GC-MS. The predominant class of compounds was sesquiterpenes (47.6%) and the major compounds were trans-β-caryophyllene (14.7%), 1,8-cineole (11.7%) and ɣ-muurolene (5.6%). The antimicrobial activity was carried out by microdillution technique against eight fungi and eight bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 0.17 to 11.25 mg mL-1 for fungi, and from 1.40 to 16.87 mg mL-1 for bacteria. The highest activities were against fungi Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC 1022), Aspergillus ochraceus (ATCC 12066), Aspergillus versicolor (ATCC 11730), and Trichoderma viride (IAM 5061), and bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Bacillus cereus (clinical isolate), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) with potential to prevent foodborne diseases.

In order to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), the AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), the apparent coefficients of metabolization (ACM) of gross energy and the ACM corrected for nitrogen balance (ACMn), an experiment was conducted to evaluate five different plant foods (corn, soybean meal, deactivated full-fat soybean, wheat bran and soybean oil) for broilers at different ages (1-8, 11-18, 21-28, 31-38 and 41-48 days). The method of total excreta collection was used, divided into five metabolism assays. The birds were housed in metabolic cages in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and five replicates per treatment, totaling 25 experimental units. The AME and AMEn values increased with the age of the birds for most foods, except soybean meal. The smaller AMC and AMCn of gross energy were obtained for wheat bran. There was adjustment of the equation to the linear response plateau model for the ACM of corn, soybean meal and deactivated full-fat soybean. The wheat bran and soybean oil were adjusted to the linear regression model. The equations show that the digestibility of energy tends to increase with age, except for soybean meal, which had higher metabolization with younger birds. We conclude that the age of the birds influences the determination of the metabolizable energy of feed.

Desempenho de pintos de corte nas fases pré-inicial e inicial, utilizando dietas com diferentes valores de energia metabolizável dos ingredientes, em diferentes idades

The experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of metabolizable energy (ME) levels and digestible lysine (DL) levels on the performance of 8-21 days old broiler chicks. Eight hundred and sixty four broiler chicks were used, with average weight of 160 ± 5g, randomly distributed in 48 boxes (experimental unit), experimental unit in a factorial 4x4 with four levels of ME (2,700, 2,825, 2,950, and 3,075 kcal kg -1 ) and four levels of DL (1,080; 1,187; 1,295 and 1,403%) resulting in 16 treatments with three replications. Increases in levels of ME and DL in the diets caused significant interaction (P <0.05) in weight gain and feed conversion. Increasing levels of ME and DL caused significant interaction (P <0.05) for the deposition rate of protein and fat in the carcass. The simultaneous increases of ME and DL in the diet promoted a linear increase (P <0.05) in villus height of the duodenum, jejunum, and villous:crypt ileum. It is recommended the use of 3,075 kcal kg -1 ME and 1,403% of LD for best performance, protein deposition rate, and intestinal morphometric characteristics of 8-21 days old broiler chicks. Key words: Performance, broiler, intestinal morphology ResumoO experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) e de lisina digestível (LD) no desempenho de pintos de corte de 8 a 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 864 pintos de corte, com peso médio de 160 ± 5g, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado ao acaso, em 48 boxes (unidade experimental), e esquema fatorial 4x4 sendo quatro níveis de EM (2.700; 2.825; 2.950; e 3.075 kcal kg -1 ) e quatro níveis de LD (1,080; 1,187; 1,295 e 1,403%) resultando em 16 tratamentos com três repetições. Os aumentos dos níveis de EM e de LD nas rações promoveram interação (P<0,05) no ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, taxa de deposição de proteína

RESUMOUm experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da utilização de diferentes promotores de crescimento sobre o metabolismo de frangos de corte em crescimento. Foram avaliadas duas dietas, uma atendendo às exigências nutricionais de frangos de corte (normal) e uma dieta reduzida, com 5% a menos da exigência nutricional (reduzida), suplementadas ou não com antibióticos e prebióticos. Foram utilizados 180 pintos de corte criados em galpão convencional, com cama de maravalha, até os 21 dias de idade. Em seguida, foram divididos em 36 gaiolas, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, utilizando método tradicional de coleta de excretas. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre dieta e promotores de crescimento para os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca (CDIMS), da proteína bruta (CDIPB) e do extrato etéreo (CDIEE). A dieta reduzida contendo antibiótico apresentou menor CDIMS. A dieta normal contendo antibiótico apresentou maior CDIPB (P<0,05), enquanto a dieta reduzida contendo prebiótico apresentou melhor CDIPB e CDIEE (P<0,05). Os valores dos coeficientes de digestibilidade total da matéria seca (CDTMS), da proteína bruta (CDTPB) e do extrato etéreo (CDTEE) apresentaram interação (P<0,05) entre dietas e promotores de crescimento, em que a dieta reduzida contendo antibiótico apresentou menor CDTMS e CDTEE. A dieta normal apresentou maiores valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e EMA corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que, ao se reduzir a exigência nutricional da ração, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi reduzida, no entanto os óleos essenciais promoveram aumento nos coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca, da proteína bruta e do extrato etéreo. Palavras-chave: óleos essenciais, aditivos, frutoligossacarídeos ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of using different growth promoters on the metabolism of growing broilers. We evaluated two diets, one meeting the nutritional requirements of broilers (normal) and another reduced diet with 5% less than the nutritional requirement (reduced), supplemented or not with antibiotics and prebiotics. A total of 180 broiler chicks reared in shed masonry and wood shaving bedding until 21 days of age. The animals were divided into 36 cages and distributed in a completely randomized design, using a traditional method of excreta collection. There was an interaction (P<0.05) between diet and growth promoters for ileal digestibility coefficient of dry matter (IDCDM), crude protein (IDCCP) and ether extract (IDCEE

Saccharomyces boulardii viable cells have probiotic action. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aeration on the production of S. boulardii viable cells in liquid cultivation medium with different initial glucose concentrations. Yeast has grown on yeast extract peptone dextrose medium with or without aeration (2 Lar min-1 to obtain 30 ± 1% of oxygen) and different initial glucose concentrations (20, 40 and 60 g L-1). The viable cells were determined by serial dilution method and glucose concentration was determined by 3-5 dinitrosalicylic acid. The number of viable cells changed from 7.54 ± 0.04 to 7.77 ± 0.02 log of CFU mL-1 when glucose increased from 20 to 60 g L-1, respectively. The aeration of the cultivation medium increased the number of viable cells from 7.78 ± 0.04 to 8.27 ± 0.04 log of CFU mL-1 in the cultivation medium with 40 g L-1 glucose. The yeast biomass was ~3 times greater than 60 g L-1 glucose with aeration when compared to cultivation medium with 20 g L-1 glucose without aeration. Thus, the glucose increase and the cultivation medium aeration increment S. boulardii production and viability.

ResumoA salinidade se destaca como um problema de grande importância, pois pode limitar o desenvolvimento e a produção agrícola. O estresse salino em plantas pode afetar o seu metabolismo, além de estimular o acúmulo de osmólitos. Portanto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento, mudanças fisiológicas e estomáticas de plantas de milho pipoca submetidas ao estresse salino. O experimento foi inteiramente casualizado, com 6 vasos por tratamento, conduzido em câmera de crescimento e irrigadas com NaCl nas concentrações de 0, 100 e 200 mM por 15 dias. As concentrações de 100 mM e 200 mM de NaCl, ocasionaram reduções significavas na altura e massa fresca da parte aérea e raízes. Observamos um aumento do dano na membrana plasmática e consequentemente uma redução no teor relativo de água nas folhas, devido às mudanças ocorridas na atividade osmótica. Além disso, houve o acúmulo de prolina, aumento no teor de clorofila e um aumento significativo no número de estômatos na superfície abaxial, assim como uma redução do tamanho dos estômatos. As plantas apresentaram um conjunto de alterações morfológicas e fisiológicas que são um mecanismo de defesa contra os efeitos da salinidade. Nossos resultados demonstraram que essas características contribuíram para uma notável tolerância à salinidade, pois possuem um importante papel protetor contra os diferentes estresses ambientais. Palavras-chave: adaptações estomáticas; estresse ambiental; tolerância; salinidade; Zea mays everta. Initial growth and stomatal response of popcorn (Zea mays everta) under salt stress AbstractSalinity stands out as a major problem environmental that it may limit agricultural development and productivity. Saline stress in plants can affect your metabolism, in addition to stimulating the accumulation of osmolytes. Therefore, the aim is study was to evaluate the growth and extend our understanding physiological and stomatal changes in popcorn plants submitted to salinity stress. The experiment was completely randomized, with 6 pots per treatment, conducted in a growth chamber and irrigated with NaCl at the concentrations 0, 100 and 200 mM for 15 days. 100 and 200 mM NaCl concentrations cause significant reductions in height and fresh mass of shoots and roots. We observe an increase in the plasma membrane damage and consequently a reduction in relative water content in the leaves due to changes in the osmotic activity. Accordingly, an involvement there was a proline accumulation, increase in chlorophyll content and a significant increase in a number of stomata on abaxial surface, as well as a reduction in the size of the stomata. Plants presented a set of morphological and physiological changes, triggering a defense mechanism against the effects of salinity. Finally, our results demonstrated that these characteristics contributed to a remarkable tolerance to salinity since they have an important protective role against the different environmental stresses.

This study evaluated the effect of different levels of metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible lysine (DL) on the rate of protein deposition, rate deposition body fat and intestinal morphology of broiler chicks 1 to 10 days of age. The study design consisted of 1,152 broilers, weighing 52 ± 5 g, distributed in a completely randomized, 4x4 factorial design, consisting of four levels of ME (2700; 2825; 2950 and 3075 kcal/kg) and four levels of DL (1,080; 1,187; 1,295 and 1,403%), with 16 treatments and three replicates, with 24 poultry in each experimental unit. The protein deposition rate (PDR) and fat deposition rate (FDR) were not affected (P>0.05) by the ME, however, PDR was influenced linearly (P<0.05) by increasing lysine. There was an interaction (P <0.05) between the levels of ME and DL, whose increase resulted in a higher villus height of the duodenum, jejunum and a greater relation villus: crypt ratio of the ileum. Therefore, levels of DL and ME had positive effects on the intestinal development of broiler chicks in the pre-starter phase. Key words: Amino acid. Poultry farming. Energy density. Morphology. ResumoO experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) e de lisina digestível (LD), sobre a taxa de deposição de proteína, taxa de deposição gordura corporal e morfometria intestinal de pintos de corte de 1 a 10 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 1.152 pintos de corte, com peso médio de 52±5g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x4, constituídos quatro níveis de EM (2700; 2825; 2950; e 3075 kcal.kg -1 ) e quatro níveis de LD (1,080; 1,187; 1,295 e 1,403%), com 16 tratamentos, três repetições e com 24 aves ME cada unidade experimental. A taxa de deposição de proteína (TDP) e de gordura (PDR) não foi influenciada (P>0,05) pelos níveis de EM, no entanto, a PDR foi influenciada de forma linear (P<0,05) pelos níveis crescentes de lisina. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre os níveis de EM e DL, cujo aumento nesses níveis proporcionaram maior altura das vilosidades do duodeno, jejuno e na relação vilo:cripta do íleo. Os níveis de lisina digestível e energia metabolizável apresentam efeito positivo sobre o desenvolvimento intestinal dos pintos de corte na fase pré-inicial. Palavras-chave: Aminoácido. Avicultura. Densidade energética. Morfometria.