This study investigates the relationship between color perceptual attributes and color emotions, as well as the influence of different cultural backgrounds. Totally 214 color samples were evaluated on 12 emotion variables by subjects from seven different region groups in the psychophysical experiment. By factor analysis, it was found that three factors were sufficient to represent 80 11 "region-emotion" variables. For each variable, there is no distinct difference among different region groups. The 12 emotion variables could be divided into four categories, namely, activity index, potency index, definition index, and temperature index. Factor scores were further calculated to study the determinants on each factor. The analysis showed that the three factors were mainly related to chroma, lightness, and hue, respectively. It was concluded that chroma and lightness were the most important factors on color emotion, whereas the influences of hue and cultural background were very limited. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

The photosynthetic rates and various components of photosynthesis including ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39), chlorophyll (Chl), cytochrome (Cyt) f, and coupling factor 1 (CF 1 ) contents, and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14) activity were examined in young, fully expanded leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown hydroponically under two irradiances, namely, 1000 and 350 lmol quanta á m A2 á s A1 , at three N concentrations. The lightsaturated rate of photosynthesis measured at 1800 lmol á m A2 á s A1 was almost the same for a given leaf N content irrespective of growth irradiance. Similarly, Rubisco content and SPS activity were not dierent for the same leaf N content between irradiance treatments. In contrast, Chl content was signi®cantly greater in the plants grown at 350 lmol á m A2 á s A1 , whereas Cyt f and CF 1 contents tended to be slightly smaller. However, these changes were not substantial, as shown by the fact that the lightlimited rate of photosynthesis measured at 350 lmol á m A2 á s A1 was the same or only a little higher in the plants grown at 350 lmol á m A2 á s A1 and that CO 2 -saturated photosynthesis did not dier between irradiance treatments. These results indicate that growth-irradiancedependent changes in N partitioning in a leaf were far from optimal with respect to N-use eciency of photosynthesis. In spite of the dierence in growth irradiance, the relative growth rate of the whole plant did not dier between the treatments because there was an increase in the leaf area ratio in the low-irradiance-grown plants. This increase was associated with the preferential N-investment in leaf blades and the extremely low accumulation of starch and sucrose in leaf blades and sheaths, allowing a more ecient use of the ®xed carbon. Thus, morphogenic responses at the whole-plant level may be more important for plants as an adaptation strategy to light environments than a response of N partitioning at the level of a single leaf.Abbreviations: CF 1 = coupling factor 1; Chl = chlorophyll; Cyt = cytochrome; LAR = leaf area ratio; pCa = ambient CO 2 partial pressure; pCi = intercellular CO 2 partial pressure; PPFD = photosynthetic photon¯ux density; RGR = relative growth rate; Rubisco = ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase; SPS = sucrose-phosphate synthase

Colour emotion is a feeling or emotion induced in our brains warm-cool, light-dark, deep-pale, heavy-light, vivid-sombre, gaudyplain, striking-subdued, dynamic-passive, distinct-vague, transparent-turbid, soft-hard, and strong-weak

A new set of quantitative models of colour emotion and colour harmony were developed in this study using psychophysical data collected from 12 regions in the world, and the UK. These data have previously been published in journals or conferences (for details see Tables 1 and 2). For colour emotion, three new models were derived, showing satisfactory predictive performance in terms of an average correlation coefficient of 0.78 for "warm/cool", 0.80 for "heavy/light" and 0.81 for "active/passive". The new colour harmony model also had satisfactory predictive performance, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.72. Principal component analysis shows that the common colour harmony principles, including hue similarity, chroma similarity, lightness difference and high lightness principles, were partly agreed by observers of the same region. The findings suggest that it is feasible to develop universal models of colour emotion and colour harmony, and that the former was found to be relatively more culture-independent than the latter. K E Y W O R D Scolour emotion, colour harmony, cross-cultural study, universal model

The effects of CO, enrichment on growth and N allocation of rice (Oryza safiva L.) were examined. The plants were grown hydroponically in growth chambers with a 14-h photoperiod (1000 pmol quanta m-' s-') and a day/night temperature of 25/20°C. From the 28th to 70th d after germination, the plants were exposed to two CO, partial pressures, namely 36 and 100 Pa. The CO, enrichment increased the final biomass, but this was caused by a stimulation of the growth rate during the first week of the exposure to elevated CO, partial pressures. The disappearance of the initial stimulation of the growth rate was associated with a decreased leaf area ratio.Furthermore, CO, enrichment decreased the investment of N in the leaf blades, whereas the N allocation into the leaf sheaths and roots increased. Thus, the decrease in leaf N content by CO, enrichment was not due to dilution of N caused by a relative increase in the plant biomass but was due to the change in N allocation at the whole-plant level. We conclude that the growth responses of rice to CO, enrichment are mainly controlled by leaf area expansion and N allocation into leaf blades at the whole-plant level.Whereas short-term (seconds to hours) CO, enrichment enhances the photosynthetic rate, long-term (weeks to months) CO, enrichment frequently suppresses photosynthesis (for reviews, see Stitt 1991; Bowes, 1993;Petterson and McDonald, 1994). Similarly, although plant mass is enhanced under CO, enrichment, the increase in the final plant mass by the prolonged exposure to elevated partial pressures of CO, is much less than that expected from the initial increase in photosynthesis (Badger, 1992; Koike, 1993;Masle et al., 1993;Mitchell et al., 1993). Thus, the suppression of photosynthesis by long-term CO, enrichment may be closely related to the whole-plant growth under CO, enrichment. However, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms that suppress photosynthesis in plants growing in elevated CO, partial pressures have not been elucidated.The suppression of photosynthesis by CO, enrichment is always associated with a decrease in total leaf N content (Conroy and Hocking, 1993;Tissue et al., 1993; Delgado et al., 1994;Rogers et al., 1996;Roumet et al., 1996). In our companion paper (Nakano et al., 1997) we report that the suppression of photosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves grown under conditions of CO, enrichment can be simply accounted for by a decrease in leaf N. In this study we first analyzed the growth rate of rice plants under CO, enrichment in detail, and then, to elucidate the physiological implications of the decrease in leaf N content by CO, enrichment, we investigated the effects on biomass and N allocation at the whole-plant level. MATERIALS AND METHODSRice (Oryza sativa L. cv Notohikari) plants were grown hydroponically in an environmentally controlled growth chamber (Makino et al., 1994) equipped with a CO, partial pressure controller. The chamber was maintained with a 14-h photoperiod, 251 20°C day I night temperature, 60% RH, and a PPFD of...