The objective of this study was to examine the median age of menopause, factors associated with postmenopausal status, and the prevalence of menopausal symptoms in HIV-infected women. We surveyed 120 HIV-infected women between 40 and 57 years old who attended an inner city infectious diseases clinic. Ninety-five percent of the women surveyed were African American and almost half of the women (44%) had used methadone, heroin, cocaine, marijuana, or a combination of these drugs within the past 6 months. Eighty-seven percent had smoked cigarettes at least some time during their life and 45% drank alcohol between the ages of 40 and 49 years old. Thirty women were postmenopausal (having no menstrual periods in the previous 12 consecutive months), 31 were perimenopausal (having 1-11 periods within the previous 12 months), and 59 were premenopausal (having 12 or more periods within the previous 12 months). The median age of menopause was 50 years old (95% confidence interval = 49, 53). In a multivariate model, methadone use within the past 6 months was associated with postmenopausal status. We did not find an association between postmenopausal status and body mass index, number of pregnancies, CD4 cell counts, HIV viral load, individual and grouped antiretroviral therapies, cigarette smoking, and current or past oral contraceptive use. In multivariate analysis, postmenopausal status was associated with hot flashes and cocaine use was associated with vaginal dryness.
Colour emotion is a feeling or emotion induced in our brains warm-cool, light-dark, deep-pale, heavy-light, vivid-sombre, gaudyplain, striking-subdued, dynamic-passive, distinct-vague, transparent-turbid, soft-hard, and strong-weak
Previous research has demonstrated that familiarity with the orthographic structure within a letter string can facilitate the processing of the component letters. The current research was directed at discovering the psychologically relevant properties of this structure. Two fundamental descriptions were independently varied in the construction of six-letter nonword strings. A probabilistic description based on the frequency of occurrence of letters in each position was factorially combined with a rule-governed description defined in terms of graphemic and phonological constraints. College sophomores and sixth-grade readers were asked to indicate whether or not a predesignaled target letter was present in these strings. For both groups of readers, orthographic regularity and summed positional frequency were found to have only a small facilitative effect on reaction time (RT). In contrast, RTs to say "no" increased dramatically with increases in the number of letters in the catch string that were physically similar to the target letter. In another experiment, the letter string was presented for a short duration, followed immediately by masking stimulus and then the target letter. College students indicated whether or not the target was present in the test string. Accuracy of performance was critically dependent on the orthographic regularity and summed positional frequencies of the letters in the test string. No effect of letter similarity was observed. The large differences that were observed between these two tasks were accounted for in terms of the stages of processing that are critical for performance in the tasks.The processes by which words are recog-and Levin (1975), every major treatise on nized during reading have concerned psy-reading has discussed this issue at length, chologists and educators for almost a cen-and generally concluded, as did Huey (1908/ tury. From Huey (1908/1968) to Gibson 1968), that "it is very difficult to draw final conclusions concerning visual perception in This research was carried out at the Wisconsin reading" (p. 102).
An open-ended coaxial line sensor in conjunction with an automatic network analyzer was used to measure in vivo the permittivity of several feline tissues (skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, kidney, spleen, and brain--gray and white matter) at frequencies between 10 MHz and 1 GHz. The estimated uncertainties of measurement were between 1.5% and 5%. The data are in general agreement with previously obtained data in vitro and in vivo. Significant differences in the properties of different types of the same tissue (eg, skeletal and smooth muscle) were observed. Many tissues were found to be non-homogeneous in its permittivity.
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