The paper deals with the analysis of the resources and energy consumption at different levels of economic management. The most effective management tools are characterized. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the use of different types of resources by agri-food enterprises is carried out. Using the results of the analysis, a model that takes into account the features of general and specific for agri-food enterprises’ types of resources is proposed. The practical significance of this model lies in accumulating the most effective resource-saving and energy-saving technologies of renewable and non-renewable resources of agro-sphere (according to experience in application by different countries).
The Russian-Ukrainian war causes the loss of a significant part of Ukraine's production and raw and food export potential, which creates the risk of economic insecurity in the long run. At the same time, the new challenges create favourable conditions and opportunities for restructuring the national economy in the direction of developing high-tech areas and increasing the science-intensiveness of traditional industries. Today, the question is to choose the most effective institutional and economic mechanism for such a transformation, as exemplified by the State of Israel. The article is devoted to the research of the Israeli practice of transition to high-tech production and the formation of an innovative export-oriented economy. The author aims to clarify the conditions, factors, mechanisms, and tools for the successful economic transformation of Israel in terms of the possibility of implementing the acquired historical experience in Ukrainian realities. The methodology is based on a systematic approach, which considers the economic transformation of Israel as a set of processes and systems of closely interrelated elements (historical conditions, institutional factors, public policy, available resources, economic potential, etc.). It is necessary to apply the historical-evolutionary approach to identify the features and trends of the country's transition from traditional spheres of production and export to high-tech. In this context, comparative-historical analyse is used. The precondition for the transition of the State of Israel to high-tech production and exports was the development of powerful science-intensive complexes of its own agricultural and defence production through targeted public and private investment, subsidies and loans to producers, stimulating education and research, a unique system of public-private partnership (so-called "gold triangle"). It is determined that the use of defence technologies in production of the double-purpose products (in space, aviation, cybersecurity spheres), the flow of intellectual capital, and the formed research base became the basis for the development of pharmaceuticals, electronics, microelectronics, computer hardware, and software, etc. The key role in the Israeli transition to high-tech production and exports was played by state support policy implemented by grant funding instruments for education and R&D, venture capital incentive programs, tax and credit benefits for small and medium businesses, an extensive system of institutional assistance, and effective legal regulation of the business environment for the protection of intellectual property rights, granting special privileges, simplifying the procedure of repatriation of profits, ensuring high-quality products, etc. The policy of "arms diplomacy", trade liberalization, tax, credit, and institutional support of exporters, the conclusion of a system of agreements on international trade, and economic and scientific-technical cooperation contributed to the formation of the competitive advantages of Israel in the markets of high-tech products.
ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ АНАЛІЗУ ПОЛІТИКИ ПРОТЕКЦІОНІЗМУ У статті розглядаються теоретичні та практичні аспекти наукового дискурсу щодо проблематики протекціонізму. Розглядається поняття протекціонізму у вузькому та широкому значенні, досліджується діалектика змісту категорії у сучасних глобалізаційних умовах. Висвітлюється та узагальнюється проблема практичної реалізації політики в різних країнах поряд з лібералізацією. Здійснюється короткий аналіз рівня та необхідності застосування протекціонізму в Україні. Ключові слова: економічна глобалізація, зовнішньоекономічна діяльність, політика протекціонізму, лібералізація. Постановка проблеми. Глобалізаційні процеси сьогодні стали невід'ємним елементом суспільного життя всіх країн світу та сприяють посиленню взаємозалежності їх національних економік, що, врешті-решт, призводить до численних проблем і труднощів. Це підтверджує світова фінансово-економічна криза, яка розпочалася у фінансовому секторі промислово розвинених країн, але стала важким ударом для національних економік багатьох країн, що розвиваються, та країн з перехідною економікою. Стає очевидним, що економічна глобалізація поглиблює диспропорції розвитку світового господарства, посилюючи розрив між країнами світу. Такі реалії розвитку національних економік вимагають перегляду ролі державного регулювання зовнішньоекономічної діяльності та актуалізації проблеми політики протекціонізму. Довкола цього питання ведуться численні наукові дискусії, підходи до нього криють у собі ряд теоретичних і практичних суперечностей. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Теоретичні та практичні аспекти становлення політики протекціонізму висвітлювали у своїх роботах відомі класики-економісти: Т. Мен, Ф. Ліст, О. Гамільтон, Г. Джонсон, Л. Грінфелд, А. Бретон, І. Янжул, Д. Менделєєв тощо. Питання механізму та шляхів реалізації політики протекціонізму в національній економіці, засобів її втілення в сучасних глобалізаційних умовах досліджують у своїх працях численні українські та зарубіжні науковці: В.
The Russian-Ukrainian war causes the loss of a significant part of Ukraine's production and raw and food export potential, which creates the risk of economic insecurity in the long run. At the same time, the new challenges create favourable conditions and opportunities for restructuring the national economy in the direction of developing high-tech areas and increasing the science-intensiveness of traditional industries. Today, the question is to choose the most effective institutional and economic mechanism for such a transformation, as exemplified by the State of Israel. The article is devoted to the research of the Israeli practice of transition to high-tech production and the formation of an innovative export-oriented economy. The author aims to clarify the conditions, factors, mechanisms, and tools for the successful economic transformation of Israel in terms of the possibility of implementing the acquired historical experience in Ukrainian realities. The methodology is based on a systematic approach, which considers the economic transformation of Israel as a set of processes and systems of closely interrelated elements (historical conditions, institutional factors, public policy, available resources, economic potential, etc.). It is necessary to apply the historical-evolutionary approach to identify the features and trends of the country's transition from traditional spheres of production and export to high-tech. In this context, comparative-historical analyse is used. The precondition for the transition of the State of Israel to high-tech production and exports was the development of powerful science-intensive complexes of its own agricultural and defence production through targeted public and private investment, subsidies and loans to producers, stimulating education and research, a unique system of public-private partnership (so-called "gold triangle"). It is determined that the use of defence technologies in production of the double-purpose products (in space, aviation, cybersecurity spheres), the flow of intellectual capital, and the formed research base became the basis for the development of pharmaceuticals, electronics, microelectronics, computer hardware, and software, etc. The key role in the Israeli transition to high-tech production and exports was played by state support policy implemented by grant funding instruments for education and R&D, venture capital incentive programs, tax and credit benefits for small and medium businesses, an extensive system of institutional assistance, and effective legal regulation of the business environment for the protection of intellectual property rights, granting special privileges, simplifying the procedure of repatriation of profits, ensuring high-quality products, etc. The policy of "arms diplomacy", trade liberalization, tax, credit, and institutional support of exporters, the conclusion of a system of agreements on international trade, and economic and scientific-technical cooperation contributed to the formation of the competitive advantages of Israel in the markets of high-tech products
Motivation: The corporate sector occupies a special place in the country’s economy and international economic relations. Large joint stock companies (JSCs) are the basis of the country’s economic potential, as they largely form the budgets of individual communities and the state, provide jobs, create networks of connections with small and medium-sized businesses, etc. The study of the relationship between the corporatization of enterprises and structural changes in the economy of Ukraine will allow to determine the socio-economic effect of the activities of JSCs.Aim: The research aimed to identify the socio-economic effect of the development of the corporate sector in the economy of Ukraine and justification of the expediency of government regulation of foreign economic activity of JSCs.Results: The study’s results show a capital accumulation and the dominance of JSCs in low-tech and raw-material sectors. The authors’ findings established that the corporatization process included the transformation of state assets into JSCs and the creation of new financial and industrial conglomerates, mainly in the mining industry and the production of agricultural raw materials. Comparison and generalization of statistical data are carried out as to the nature of foreign economic activities of JSCs. The study identifies a change in the distribution of commodity items towards increase in the share of agricultural raw materials and a tendency towards the reduction of technological chains. It is concluded about descending structural changes and reduction of the technological level of exports.
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