Background: Bovine viral diarrhea, caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), has been considered a disease of cattle but is now emerging in camels. In Ethiopia it has been detected in exotic and cross-bred dairy cattle but no information is available on its occurrence in indigenous cattle breeds and camels. This study was, therefore, conducted to estimate the prevalence of BVDV infection in indigenous Borana cattle and camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Moyale and Miesso pastoral districts. Methodology: Serological investigation was carried out on 219 cattle from 44 herds and 137 camels from 11 herds in contact with the selected cattle herds in Boranara zone and 348 camels from 41 herds in Shinille zone. The sera samples were tested using a competitive enzyme lnked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) to detect antibodies against p80 protein of BVDV. In addition, all of the cattle sera were tested using antigen detection ELISA for identification of persistent infection. Results: Among the 219 cattle tested, 177 (80.82%; 95% CI: 74.97-85.81) were found to be positive for antibodies against BVDV in Moyale district, Borena Zone. The prevalence varied among different age groups and parity. The highest prevalence was observed in cattle aged 8 years and older (84.0%; 95% CI: 69.6-98.4) and in primiparous cattle (85.5%; 95% CI: 76.2-94.8). Two of the 219 cattle tested (0.05%; 95% CI: 0.02-0.08) were found to be positive with antigen detection ELISA. In addition, out of a total of 137 camels tested, two (1.46%; 95% CI: 0.18-5.17) were found to be positive in this district. Among the 348 camels tested, eight (2.29%; 95% CI: 0.99-4.485) were found to be positive for antibodies against BVDV. In conclusion, this study revealed a high prevalence of infection in Borana cattle. In addition, it recorded the occurrence of infection with BVDV in camel herds. None of the camels tested positive for the antigen of BVDV using antigen ELISA.
Respiratory diseases caused by Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) have been known to result in a considerable loss due to mortality and reduced production. This study aimed at isolation and identification of M. haemolytica and P. multocida associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats using bacteriological and molecular techniques. Identification of serotypes of M. haemolytica and P. multocida was done using indirect haemagglutination test. The in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity profiles of the M. haemolytica were tested using standard disk diffusion method. A total of 52 and 78 nasal swabs were collected from pneumonic cases for bacterial isolation and identification in Borana and Arsi zone, respectively. Four hundred sera samples were collected for identification of serotypes. The results showed that 17 of 52 (32.69%; 95% CI 20.33, 47.11) nasal swabs collected from pneumonic animals in Borana yielded positive results for Pasteurella/Mannheimia species, 13 (25.00%; 95% CI 14.03, 38.95) of which were M. haemolytica. None of the samples yielded P. multocida. Twenty-three of 78 (29.49%; 95% CI 19.69, 40.89) nasal swabs collected at Arsi from pneumonic animals yielded positive results for M. haemolytica (17) and P. multocida (6). Secondary biochemical characterization revealed that 14 of the 17 isolates conform to M. haemolytica whereas none of the 6 isolates suspected to be P. mutocida were confirmed. Eleven (84.62%) isolates from Borana and 4 (28.57%) from Arsi were confirmed to be M. haemolytica using PCR targeting the Rpt2 genes. Assay for M. haemolytica serotype A1 revealed all belong to A1. None of the isolates with cultural and morphological features of P. multocida gave positive results by molecular assay. Serological assay identified three serotypes of M. haemolytica namely A1, A2 and A7 almost in all of the samples whereas P. multocida serotype A was detected in 78.75% of the samples. The M. haemolytica isolates tested for susceptibility to antibiotics showed resistance against Bacitracin (83.33%) and Penicillin (50.00%) while they were found susceptible to Gentamycin (100%), Chloramphenicol (100%) and Sulfamethoxazole (100%) and Tetracycline (83.33%). In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed the association of M. haemolytica with pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats and can be of use in vaccine development in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, further investigations and continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and appropriate selection and prudent use of antimicrobials in livestock sector are required.
Respiratory diseases caused by M. haemolytica and P. multocida have been known to result in a considerable loss due to mortality and reduced production. This study aimed at isolation and identification of M. haemolytica and P. multocida associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats using bacteriological and molecular techniques. Identification of serotypes of M. haemolytica and P. multocida was done using indirect haemagglutination test (IHAT). The in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity profiles of the M. haemolytica were tested using standard disk diffusion method. A total of 52 and 78 nasal swabs were collected from pneumonic cases for bacterial isolation and identification in Borana and Arsi zone, respectively. Four hundred sera samples were collected for identification of serotypes. The results showed that 17 of 52 (32.69%; 95% CI: 20.33, 47.11) nasal swabs collected from pneumonic animals in Borana yielded positive results for Pasteurella / Mannheimia species, 13 (25.00%; 95% CI: 14.03, 38.95) of which were M. haemolytica. None of the samples yielded P. multocida. Twenty-three of 78 (29.49%; 95% CI: 19.69, 40.89) nasal swabs collected from pneumonic animals yielded positive results for M. haemolytica (17) and P. multocida (6). Secondary biochemical characterization revealed that 14 of the 17 isolates conform to M. haemolytica whereas none of the 6 isolates suspected to be P. mutocida were confirmed. Eleven (84.62%) isolates from Borana and 4 (28.57%) from Arsi were confirmed to be M. haemolytica using PCR targeting the Rpt2 genes. None of the isolates with cultural and morphological features of P. multocida gave positive results by molecular assay. Serological assay identified three serotypes of M. haemolytica namely A1, A2 and A7 almost in all of the samples whereas P. multocida serotype A was detected in 78.75% of the samples. The M. haemolytica isolates tested for susceptibility to antibiotics showed resistance against Bacitracin (83.33%) and Penicillin (50.00%) while were found susceptible to Gentamycin, Chloramphenicol and Sulfamethoxazole (100%) and Tetracycline (83.33%). In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed the association of M. haemolytica with pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats and can be of use in vaccine development in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, further investigations and continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and appropriate selection and prudent use of antimicrobials in livestock sector are required.
Background: Pneumonic pasteurellosis is a multi-factorial respiratory disease of cattle and sheep caused by combination of etiologic agents; hence, reliable information is needed on the species or serotypes of bacterial agents for optimum control of the disease. This study was conducted with the objectives of identification of bacterial agents causing pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle and sheep and identify serotypes of P. multocida involved. Methods: Bacteriological and molecular methods were used on 176 pneumonic lungs (93 cattle and 83 sheep) collected from abattoirs and 604 nasal swabs collected from 302 cattle and 302 sheep presented to Asella, Holota and Sheno veterinary clinics. Results: Twenty-five percent, 26.5% and 23.5% of nasal swabs collected from cattle and sheep from Asella, Holota and Sheno, respectively, were positive to one or more species of Pasteurella, Mannheimia and Bibersteinia. Mannheimia haemolytica was the predominant bacteria isolated at all sites. The isolation of these bacterial species was associated with age and pneumonic status of animals and management system. Young animals were more likely to yield positive results than adults (OR = 1.56; 95 % CI: 1.02, 2.38). Similarly, isolation of the three bacterial species was more frequent in animals with signs of pneumonia than those animals without signs of pneumonia (OR = 4.67; 95 % CI: 3.03, 7.19) and from animals under intensive management system than those animals kept under extensive management system (OR = 2.46; 95 % CI: 1.12, 5.39). Out of the total of 176 pneumonic lungs examined isolation was done from 48 (27.27 %) of them. Mannheimia haemolyitica was the predominant species isolated from pneumonic lungs. The identity of P. multocida and M. haemolytica isolated was further confirmed using PCR. Pasteurella multocida serotypes A1 and A3 and M. haemolytica serotype A1 were the predominant serotypes identified. Conclusion: This study revealed that M. haemolytica, P. multocida and B. trehalosi are commonly circulating in cattle and sheep originated from various parts of the country. It is also interesting that the serotypes of P. multocida and M. haemolytica identified in the present study are those that are already proven to cause pneumonia in ruminants.
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