Seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Local Borana Cattle Breed and Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Ethiopia

Abstract

Background: Bovine viral diarrhea, caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), has been considered a disease of cattle but is now emerging in camels. In Ethiopia it has been detected in exotic and cross-bred dairy cattle but no information is available on its occurrence in indigenous cattle breeds and camels. This study was, therefore, conducted to estimate the prevalence of BVDV infection in indigenous Borana cattle and camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Moyale and Miesso pastoral districts. Methodology: Serological investigation was carried out on 219 cattle from 44 herds and 137 camels from 11 herds in contact with the selected cattle herds in Boranara zone and 348 camels from 41 herds in Shinille zone. The sera samples were tested using a competitive enzyme lnked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) to detect antibodies against p80 protein of BVDV. In addition, all of the cattle sera were tested using antigen detection ELISA for identification of persistent infection. Results: Among the 219 cattle tested, 177 (80.82%; 95% CI: 74.97-85.81) were found to be positive for antibodies against BVDV in Moyale district, Borena Zone. The prevalence varied among different age groups and parity. The highest prevalence was observed in cattle aged 8 years and older (84.0%; 95% CI: 69.6-98.4) and in primiparous cattle (85.5%; 95% CI: 76.2-94.8). Two of the 219 cattle tested (0.05%; 95% CI: 0.02-0.08) were found to be positive with antigen detection ELISA. In addition, out of a total of 137 camels tested, two (1.46%; 95% CI: 0.18-5.17) were found to be positive in this district. Among the 348 camels tested, eight (2.29%; 95% CI: 0.99-4.485) were found to be positive for antibodies against BVDV. In conclusion, this study revealed a high prevalence of infection in Borana cattle. In addition, it recorded the occurrence of infection with BVDV in camel herds. None of the camels tested positive for the antigen of BVDV using antigen ELISA.

Serosurvey and Associated Risk Factors for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Dromedary Camels in Egypt

“…When compared to camels raised alone and in large herds, the prevalence of BVDV infection was considerably greater in camels in small herds that raised together with small ruminants. A similar results were reached by Ataseven et al [31] and Tesfaye et al [17]. A number of previous studies have been reported that aggregation with other ruminants in pasture, size of herd, age of animals, and introduction of new animals from uncontrolled markets without efficient examination increased the possibility and chance for transmission of many of viral diseases [44][45][46].…”

“…Commercial ELISA kits (IDvet, Innovative Diagnostics, Grabels, France) for detection of BVDV p80 antibody in serum of examined camels was used, following the manufacturer's instructions. This kit has 100% sensitivity and specificity to identify the presence of circulating antibodies in the serum [17]. The absorbance of the sample was measured at 450 nm using ELISA microplate reader.…”

“…BVD is a widespread disease in cattle, but it is an emerging disease in both new-and old-world camels that can be infected by sharing pasture with cattle [14,15]. Moreover, the disease causes diarrhea, reproductive failure, and respiratory symptoms in camels [16,17]. The prevalence of BVD in camels varied between different countries, it was 3.4% in Somalia [18], but it was more prevalent among camels in Sudan 16% [19], in Iran 19.7% [20], and Egypt 52.2% [21].…”

Evaluation of antibody and antigen cross-reaction in Kenyan dairy cattle naturally infected with two pestiviruses: Bovine viral diarrhea virus and classical swine fever virus

“…The high seroprevalences of BVDV Ab and Ag reported in the preceding primary study by Van Leeuwen et al . [ 26 ] approached or exceeded those of other reports [ 41 , 42 ]. Having a third of tested cattle testing positive for BVDV Ags [ 26 ] was surprising, suggesting that a substantial proportion of cattle had either transient or persistent infections of BVDV at the time of blood sampling, despite showing little or no clinical signs of BVDV disease.…”

Isolation and Identification of Type 1d CP Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus from Inner Mongolia, China

“…BVDV can cause a wide range of clinical syndromes, including respiratory disease, reproductive dysfunction, immunosuppression, persistent infection, and mucosal diseases [19]. It mainly infects cloven hoofed mammals, such as cattle, camels, deer, sheep, goats, pigs, and so on [20][21][22]. Cattle are typical of BVDV hosts the virus is not restricted to this host.…”