Ethambutol optic neuropathy is a well-recognised adverse ocular event in patients who receive ethambutol for the treatment of mycobacterial infections. Much has been published on this condition; however, understanding of patient outcomes and the mechanism by which ethambutol optic neuropathy occurs, as well as data published in textbooks and reference books, tend to lag behind what is currently known. The purpose of this article is to update the clinician on what is currently accepted in regards to the clinical presentation of ethambutol optic neuropathy and what type of eye care should be provided to patients treated with this medication. In addition, new treatment recommendations are suggested to assist clinicians in complying with currently accepted standards of care.
Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin demonstrated comparable penetration into the cornea and provided equivalent in vitro efficacy against representative gram-positive bacteria. Time-kill studies indicated that 8-24 h of continual corneal concentrations of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin were necessary in this study to reduce susceptible gram-positive bacteria by 99.9%.
Abstract-Objective:To determine the distribution of apolipoprotein (a) (apo [a]) isoforms and their relation to the clinical severity of different ischemic stroke subtypes. Methods: Ninety-four hospital cases with a first-ever ischemic stroke and 188 randomly selected control subjects matched for age, gender, and ethnicity were enrolled. Stroke etiology was defined according to Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria. NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to assess the severity of stroke on admission Results: In univariate analysis, the presence of at least one small apo(a) isoform was associated with ischemic stroke in men (p ϭ 0.02) but not in women (p ϭ 0.33). After allowance for age, gender and traditional vascular risk factors, subjects carrying at least one small apo(a) isoform were at increased risk of atherothrombotic stroke (odds ratio [OR] 7.1, 95% CI 2.8 to 17.5, p ϭ 0.00001) but not of lacunar infarction (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.5 to 2.7, p ϭ 0.78). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that in the atherothrombotic stroke group, the presence of at least one small-sized apo(a) phenotype was associated with an NIHSS score Ն6 (OR 13.6, 95% CI 1.6 to 111.9, p ϭ 0.015). Conclusion: Small apolipoprotein (a) isoforms distinguish atherothrombotic stroke from lacunar infarction and are associated with the severity of atherothrombotic stroke.
This transscleral fixation technique provides a straightforward alternative to previously described techniques. Suture erosion, IOL dislocation, and posterior-segment complications occurred at relatively low rates compared with other pcIOL implantation techniques.
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