The control of STI represents a unique opportunity to improve reproductive health of women living with HIV. STI diagnosis can change their behavior and reduce the sexual transmission of HIV and bacterial STI.

Cervical cancer is an important health issue in Latin America. Although HPV infections can have spontaneous clearance, persistence of high-risk (HR) HPV is a risk factor for cervical cancer among women and it is even higher in HIV-infected women. To determine the prevalence of HR-HPV and risk factors among HIV-infected women attending reference services for HIV/AIDS in different regions of Brazil. Cross-sectional study conducted among HIV-infected women attended at referral care centers for HIV/AIDS in nine states of Brazil. Women from 18 to 49 years that accept to participate and were not pregnant at the time of the approach were recruited for the study. The HPV screening was realized using qPCR in closed system, in vitro Diagnostic, COBAS -HPV Roche. The cytology results were available by the Bethesda System. A total of 802(89.1%) from the selected women agreed to participate in the study. Median age was 39(Inter quartile range [IQR34-46]) years and median education was 9(IQR6-11) years. General prevalence of HR-HPV was 28.4%(228/802). HPV-16 prevalence rate was 8.1%(65/802), HPV-18 was 3.7%(30/802) and other types of HR-HPV were 23.6% (189/802). Risk factors for HR-HPV infection in the multivariate logistic regression analysis were: age ranging from 18 to 34 years (OR = 1.43[95%CI:1.18-1.75]), illicit drugs use (OR = 1.61[95%CI:1.10-2.42]) and abnormal cervical cytology (OR = 1.56[95%CI:1.34-1.81]). Results showed a prevalence rate of 28.4% of HR-HPV infection in women living with HIV in Brazil. These infections were significantly associated with having less than 35 years old, illicit drug use and abnormal cervical cytology.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a composição e a qualidade físico-química do leite pasteurizado padronizado comercializado na Cidade de São Luis, MA, verificar se estavam dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela Instrução Normativa nº 51 do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento e observar a ocorrência de fraudes econômicas como adição de água, através da densidade e crioscopia. Foram coletadas 20 amostras de leite pasteurizado padronizado durante o mês de maio de 2009, no comércio local da cidade. Foram realizadas análises de acidez, densidade, índice crioscópico, EST, ESD, proteína, gordura, cinzas, prova de peroxidase e fosfatase alcalina. Das 20 amostras analisadas, verificou-se que a densidade variou de 1,020 a 1,027 g/mL; a acidez de 10 a 14ºD; a gordura de 2,5 a 3,8%; o EST de 8,6 a 11,36%; ESD 6,1 a 7,86%; crioscopia 0,414 a 0,505ºC; proteínas de 2,4 a 3,32% e cinzas de 0,49 a 0,95%, a % de água adicionada variou de 1,27 a 17,83%. Todas as amostras apresentaram fosfatase negativa e peroxidase positiva. Com relação aos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que se apresentaram de forma geral insatisfatórios, evidenciando, principalmente, fraude do produto. Portanto, torna-se necessária a adoção de medidas de fiscalização por parte das autoridades competentes e maior conscientização das indústrias e consumidores.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo investigar a presença de anticorpos anti-Brucella abortus em grupos ocupacionais envolvidos com a criação de bovinos no Município de Correntes, Estado de Pernambuco, avaliando-se os fatores de risco associados à infecção em humanos, e estimar a prevalência em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros. Para tanto, foram colhidas 1.089 amostras de bovinos adultos e de 56 pessoas e examinadas pelo teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT). As amostras humanas foram submetidas à soroaglutinação lenta em tubos (SAL) e ao 2-mercaptoetanol (2-ME) e, quando reagentes a uma ou ambas as técnicas, para qualquer título, foram examinadas pela técnica de fixação do complemento (FC). Adicionalmente, pessoas submetidas à colheita de sangue foram solicitadas a responder um questionário investigativo. A prevalência para bovinos foi de 6,8% (74/1.089) obtidas através da SAL e 2-ME, e em humanos de 1,8% (1/56) ao AAT. Na SAL foi observada positividade em 21,4% (12/56) das amostras humanas, não havendo, entretanto, amostras reagentes ao 2-ME (0% 0/12) e ao FC (0% 0/12). Os fatores de risco estudados: consumo de leite cru e seus derivados, contato com secreções, manipulação de carnes, uso de luvas e transmissão iatrogênica na manipulação de vacina B19 não foram analisados estatisticamente, pois não se detectou nenhum indivíduo positivo ao teste de fixação do complemento. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a população da zona rural do Município de Correntes, PE, encontra-se exposta à infecção por B. abortus, embora não se possa inferir a existência de intercorrência entre a infecção bovina e a humana. De qualquer forma uma vigilância maior por parte das autoridades sanitárias deve ser implementada.

Introduction Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) cause infections in the female genital tract, increasing susceptibility to and infectiousness of HIV. Our objectives were to determine prevalence and associated factors of CT and GC among HIV-infected women in Brazil.MethodsCross-sectional study, including HIV-infected women attending nine referral centres in nine states of Brazil, aged 18 to 49 years, not pregnant. An interview was conducted including sociodemographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics. After the interview, gynaecological examination was conducted to collect cervical cytology and vaginal secretion to Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and HPV tests through molecular biology.ResultsA total of 802 (89.1%) women participated. The prevalence of CT was 17 cases (2.1%) and GC was 7 cases (0.9%). The prevalence of a positive test for both CT and/or GC was 2.7%. The factors associated with positive CT/GC test in the multivariate logistic regression analysis were abnormal papanicolau smear [OR 4.1 (95% CI:1.54–11.09)] and the presence of abnormal cervical discharge [OR=2.6 (95%CI:1.02–6.71)]. Among the 377 women that reported previous STI: 245 (65.0%) reported using condom more frequently after being diagnosed. Regarding how they discovered the STI, 62 (16.4%) the partner told he was infected by an STI; 157 (41.6%) had STI symptoms and looked for care and 158 (41.9%) discovered it in a routine consultation for another reason.ConclusionsThe control of STI represents a unique opportunity to improve reproductive health of women living with HIV. This diagnostic can change their behaviour and reduce the sexual transmission of HIV and bacterial STI. Controlling STI and identifying factors associated with such diseases continues to be an important element in the design of interventions targeting STI and as a result, HIV prevention in Brazil. Support: Technical cooperation agreement, Brazilian Department of STI, AIDS and viral hepatitis, Ministry of Health and United Nations office for drugs and crime. Project BRA/K57, process #01/2013

IntroductionAlthough HPV infections can clear spontaneously, persistence of high-risk-HPV is a risk factor for cervical cancer among women and it is even higher in HIV-infected women. Our goal was to determine the prevalence rate of High-risk(HR) HPV and associated factors among HIV-infected women attending referral care centres for HIV/AIDS in different regions of Brazil.MethodsCross-sectional study conducted among HIV-infected women attended at referral care centres for HIV/AIDS in nine states of Brazil. Women from 18 to 49 years that accept to participate and were not pregnant at the time of the approach were recruited for the study. The HPV screening was realised using qPCR in closed system, In vitro Diagnostic, COBAS-HPV Roche. The cytology results were available by the Bethesda System.ResultsA total of 802 (89.1%) women participated. Median age was 39 (Inter quartile range (QR34-46)) years and median education was 9 (IQR6-11) years. The general prevalence of HR-HPV was 28.4% (228/802). The prevalence rate of HPV-16 was 8.1% (65/802), HPV 18 was 3.7% (30/802) and other types of HR-HPV were 23.6% (189/802). The factors associated with HR-HPV in the multivariate logistic regression analysis were: age ranging from 18 to 34 years [OR=1.43 (95%CI:1.18–1.75)], drug abuse [OR=1.61 (95%CI:1.10–2.42)] and abnormal cervical cytology [OR=1.56 (95%CI:1.34–1.81)].ConclusionResults showed high prevalence of high-risk HPV infection in women living with HIV in Brazil. The infection was significantly associated with age less than 35 years old, illicit drug use and abnormal cervical cytology. HR-HPV test in HIV-seropositive women is a useful procedure to implement cervical cancer screening. Support: Technical cooperation agreement, Brazilian Department of STI, AIDS and viral hepatitis, Ministry of Health and United Nations office for drugs and crime. Project BRA/K57, process #01/2013