Lately, a new language for the understanding of the complexity of life (organism, ecosystem, and social system) has been developed. Chaos, fractals, dissipative structures, self-organization, and complex adaptive systems are some of its key concepts. On this view, reality is not the deterministic structure that Newton envisaged, but rather, a partially unknown or at least unpredictable world of multiple possibilities. As the horizon of our knowledge of natural realities expands, the emergent comprehensive perspective requires a radical reconstruction of both the concrete structure upon which human life is materially built and the symbolic structure that reason has schemed.
En este artículo se desarrollan los conceptos centrales de la ética de la tierra defendida por el filósofo norteamericano Aldo Leopold. Se defiende que la ecología y la ética deberían coparticipar en la concepción del mundo, de tal modo que los seres humanos puedan ver a través del impacto combinado de los resultados experimentales y los nuevos conceptos éticos. Este enfoque integrado de la relación entre la sociedad humana, la economía y los sistemas naturales, permite el logro de las metas sociales al tiempo que se conserva el mundo natural.
Abstract. We propose to put the environment into financial markets. We explain how to do it, and why the financial approach is practically the only one suited for stopping and inverting environmental degradation. We concentrate our attention on deforestation, which is the largest environmental problem in the third world, and explain how to start the project and what kind of optimization problems should be solved to ensure the optimal use of environmental funds. In the final part we analyze the dynamical control for bounded processes and awards partially based on the mean of the underlying value.
Evidence of human impact on the natural world and of environmental degradation has existed from approximately the fifth century B.C. From time to time we find this evidence noted by a variety of sources ranging from the classical through to the medieval period. However, what we like
to think of as our modern environmental consciousness was slow to form. We review and offer some analysis both of the evidence and of the responses to it over this period. The overall aim of the paper is to chart and to understand the contingencies of our predecessors' understanding of their
environmental predicament, the better to understand and put in context the contingencies of our own understanding.
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