Objective: Cocrystallisation is a promising method in order to increase the solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs. The aim of this study was to prepare, formulate and evaluate glibenclamide (GCM) cocrystal in direct compress tablet dosage form using saccharin (SAC) as the coformer. Methods: GCM cocrystal with various stoichiometric ratios were prepared by the solvent drop grinding method. The co-crystal was characterized by a saturated solubility test and dissolution rate test, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD). The tablet dosage form of GCM was formulated and evaluated compare with the conventional dosage form. Results: The solubility and dissolution rate of GCM-SAC cocrystals increased significantly compared with pure GCM, especially for 1:2 of ratio. The dissolution rate of cocrystal with ratio 1:2 increased by almost 91.9% compared with pure GCM. Based on the FTIR analysis, it showed the shifting of characteristic bands of GCM in the spectrum and there was no chemical reaction in GCM cocrystal. In PXRD measurement, the new crystalline peak was detected in the crystal habit of cocrystal compared with pure GCM and coformer. The new single melting of GCM-SAC cocrystal also was detected in DSC measurement. The tablets of GCM-SAC cocrystal were successfully prepared by direct compression method which rapidly disintegrated (1 min) and has higher dissolution compared with its pure form (32.36% greater than glibenclamide after 45 min). Conclusion: The tablet dosage form of GCM cocrystal with SAC as coformer was successfully prepared, formulated and improved its solubility and dissolution rate.
Oral contraceptives are widely used hormonal contraceptives compared to other dosage forms. There are modifications of hormonal contraceptives dosage forms to reduce side effects and improve effectivity and compliance during contraceptive usage. The implantable drug delivery system is a suitable contraception technique for women who are difficult to recall the time of use, such as pills. The contraceptive implant is a small size of rod, and it is placed in the upper arm subcutaneously. Many advantages by using contraceptive implants, such as high effectivity, easy to use, free from estrogen influences, fast recovery of the normal ovulatory cycle, safe for breastfeeding women, and safer for women that have the certain medical condition. However, implant removal procedures are becoming the problem because it requires trained personnel. The unscheduled period is also one of the disadvantages of implants. Although for most women, the implant could reduce blood loss when the period, for some cases it could prolong the period of time. In this article, we reviewed implant contraceptives development due to its application increased rapidly in the last decade. The history of implants, advantages, and disadvantages, and marketed products of the implant were also described in this article. The challenges and opportunities of the contraceptive implant development were summarized based on literature. Designing in situ forming implant and polymeric implant for contraception could be the great future in contraceptive implant development. Finally, contraceptive implants are promising hormonal contraception dosage forms to develop in unintended pregnancies prevention over the world.
Nowadays, most of marketed APIs are in the salt form. But not every single API was ionizable. Thus cocrystallization technique arised to overcome the problem. The aim of this review is to compare the solubility profile of salt and cocrystal. Both salt or cocrystal were used to improve the solubility of APIs and claimed for each other, which is the most effective in solubility enhancement. The salt was formed by ionic interaction, whilst cocrystal formed by hydrogen. Both interactions changed the interaction energy and crystal packing, thus changing the physicochemical properties of APIs. Besides, other factors affecting the solubility of the binary system were melting point, particle morphology, and solubility of coformer. The solubility comparison led to understand the underlying mechanism on solubility enhancement of salt and cocrystal itself.
Menurut Farmakope Indonesia edisi V, Suspensi adalah sediaan cair yang mengandung partikel padat tidak larut yang terdispersi dalam fase cair. Faktanya memang hampir 70% obat yang ada di pasaran tidak larut dalam air. Apoteker sebagai perancang formula sediaan memiliki banyak pertimbangan yang mendasarinya. Suspensi merupakan partikel padat yang terdispersi. Partikel-partikel tersebut memiliki kecenderungan untuk bersatu dan membentuk suatu gumpalan sehingga mengendap di dasar botol. Fenomena ini disebut dengan flokulasi. Flokulasi ini merupakan fenomena yang tidak dapat terhindarkan dari suatu sediaan suspensi. Namun demikian hal ini dapat ditanggulangi dengan mengocok terlebih dahulu sediaan sebelum digunakan, atau bahasa kerennya adalah redispersi. Sehingga sediaan suspensi yang baik adalah suspensi yang dapat dengan mudah terdispersi kembali setelah terjadi pengendapan.Untuk menjaga kestabilan, sediaan perlu disimpan dalam kondisi yang tepat. Umumnya sediaan suspensi sebaiknya disimpan pada tempat yang kering dan tidak terpapar cahaya matahari secara langsung. Adapun pada beberapa sediaan, ada yang perlu disimpan pada lemari es atau kondisi khusus lainnya.Kata kunci : Suspensi, kocok dahulu, obat
Beberapa tahun belakangan, produk micellar water makin banyak ragamnya di pasaran. Hampir setiap perusahaan kosmetik terkemuka berlomba untuk membuat produk ini. Micellar water merupakan produk yang dibuat untuk membersihkan wajah maupun make-up. Micellar water menggunakan konsep tegangan permukaan untuk membersihkan wajah, karena selain mengandung air, micellar water juga mengandung surfaktan. Seiring makin majunya teknologi, mulai muncul istilah biphasic cosmetic atau produk kosmetik yang memiliki dua fase. Hal ini mulai merambah pada produk micellar water. Produk kosmetik memiliki waktu maksimal pemakaian setelah dibuka atau dikenal dengan istilah period after opening (PAO). Umumnya micellar water memiliki PAO selama 6 bulan karena komposisi utamanya adalah air, media dimana bakteri mudah untuk berkembang biak. Kata kunci : kosmetik, pembersih wajah, micellar water
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