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Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a cohort of heterogeneous compounds that are formed after the nonenzymatic glycation of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Accumulation of AGEs in the body is implicated in various pathophysiological conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. Numerous studies have reported the connecting link between AGEs and the various complications associated with diseases. Hence, detection and measurement of AGEs becomes centrally important to understand and manage the menace created by AGEs inside the body. In recent years, an increasing number of immunotechniques as well as bioanalytical techniques have been developed to efficiently measure the levels of AGEs, but most of them are still far away from being clinically consistent, as relative disparity and ambiguity masks their standardization. This article is designed to critically review the recent advances and the emerging techniques for detection of AGEs. It is an attempt to summarize the major techniques that exist currently for the detection of AGEs both qualitatively and quantitatively. This review primarily focuses on the detection and quantification of AGEs which are formed in vivo. Immunochemical approach though costly but most effective and accurate method to measure the level of AGEs. Literature review suggests that detection of autoantibody targeting AGEs is a promising way that can be utilized for detection of AGEs. Future research efforts should be dedicated to develop this method in order to push forward the clinical applications of detection of AGEs. V C 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(12):897-913, 2015

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Trityl radicals (TAMs) have recently appeared as an alternative source of spin labels for measuring long distances in biological systems. Finland trityl radical (FTAM) served as the basis for this new generation of spin labels, but FTAM is rather lipophilic and susceptible to self‐aggregation, noncovalent binding with lipophilic sites of proteins, and noncovalent docking at the termini of duplex DNA. In this paper the very hydrophilic OX063 TAM with very low toxicity and little tendency for aggregation is used as the basis for a spin label. Human serum albumin (HSA) labeled with OX063 has an intense narrow line typical of TAM radicals in solution, whereas HSA labeled with FTAM shows broad lines and extensive aggregation. In pulse EPR measurements, the measured phase memory time TM for HSA labeled with OX063 is 6.3 μs at 50 K, the longest yet obtained with a TAM‐based spin label. The lowered lipophilicity also decreases side products in the labeling reaction.

this paper reviews the chemical and functional aspects of the posttranslational modifications of proteins, which are achieved by the addition of various groups to the side chain of the amino acid residue backbone of proteins. It describes the main prosthetic groups and the interaction of these groups and the apoenzyme in the process of catalysis, using pyridoxal catalysis as an example. Much attention is paid to the role of posttranslational modification of proteins in the regulation of biochemical processes in live organisms, and especially to the role of protein kinases and their respective phosphotases. Methylation and acetylation reactions and their role in the "histone code," which regulates genome expression on the transcription level, are also reviewed. this paper also describes the modification of proteins by large hydrophobic residues and their role in the function of membrane-associated proteins. Much attention is paid to the glycosylation of proteins, which leads to the formation of glycoproteins. We also describe the main non-enzymatic protein modifications such as glycation, homocysteination, and desamidation of amide residues in dibasic acids. Abbreviations: coA -coenzyme A, eGFr -epidermal growth factor receptor, JnK -Jun N-terminal kinase, SAPK -stress activated protein kinase, МАРК -mutagen-activated protein kinase, IF -inositoltriphosphate, DAG -diacylglycerol, JAK -Janus kinase, StAt -signal transducer and activator of transcription, Fyn, Lck -non-receptor tyrosinekinases of the Src family, ub -ubiquitin residue, uLP -ubiquitin-like protein, ras, rab, rho -protein products of the protooncogenes ras, rab, rho, which play a role in cell growth and differentiation, SАМ -S-adenosylmethinone, PArP -poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, VrAP -telomerase, found to be a part of vault particles, GSH -glutathione, HIF -hypoxia inducible factor, Gla -γ-carboxyglutamic acid, AGe -advanced glycation end products, cML -N ε -carboxymethyl-lysine, ceL -N ε -carboxyethyl-lysine, HSA -human serum albumin, GFP -green fluorescent protein, РIMt -protein isoaspartyl-О-methyltransferase, Dnt -dermonecrotic toxin.

Oligonucleotide derivatives conjugated to a chemical construction with two histamine residues imitating the catalytic center of ribonuclease A have been synthesized. In experiments with the conjugates complementary to the 3'-end and to the variable loop and the T loop of yeast tRNA(Phe), it was shown that the compounds can accomplish sequence-specific cleavage of the target RNA in physiologic conditions.

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