this paper reviews the chemical and functional aspects of the posttranslational modifications of proteins, which are achieved by the addition of various groups to the side chain of the amino acid residue backbone of proteins. It describes the main prosthetic groups and the interaction of these groups and the apoenzyme in the process of catalysis, using pyridoxal catalysis as an example. Much attention is paid to the role of posttranslational modification of proteins in the regulation of biochemical processes in live organisms, and especially to the role of protein kinases and their respective phosphotases. Methylation and acetylation reactions and their role in the "histone code," which regulates genome expression on the transcription level, are also reviewed. this paper also describes the modification of proteins by large hydrophobic residues and their role in the function of membrane-associated proteins. Much attention is paid to the glycosylation of proteins, which leads to the formation of glycoproteins. We also describe the main non-enzymatic protein modifications such as glycation, homocysteination, and desamidation of amide residues in dibasic acids. Abbreviations: coA -coenzyme A, eGFr -epidermal growth factor receptor, JnK -Jun N-terminal kinase, SAPK -stress activated protein kinase, МАРК -mutagen-activated protein kinase, IF -inositoltriphosphate, DAG -diacylglycerol, JAK -Janus kinase, StAt -signal transducer and activator of transcription, Fyn, Lck -non-receptor tyrosinekinases of the Src family, ub -ubiquitin residue, uLP -ubiquitin-like protein, ras, rab, rho -protein products of the protooncogenes ras, rab, rho, which play a role in cell growth and differentiation, SАМ -S-adenosylmethinone, PArP -poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, VrAP -telomerase, found to be a part of vault particles, GSH -glutathione, HIF -hypoxia inducible factor, Gla -γ-carboxyglutamic acid, AGe -advanced glycation end products, cML -N ε -carboxymethyl-lysine, ceL -N ε -carboxyethyl-lysine, HSA -human serum albumin, GFP -green fluorescent protein, РIMt -protein isoaspartyl-О-methyltransferase, Dnt -dermonecrotic toxin.

This paper reviews the chemical and functional aspects of the posttranslational modifications of proteins, which are achieved by the addition of various groups to the side chain of the amino acid residue backbone of proteins. It describes the main prosthetic groups and the interaction of these groups and the apoenzyme in the process of catalysis, using pyridoxal catalysis as an example. Much attention is paid to the role of posttranslational modification of proteins in the regulation of biochemical processes in live organisms, and especially to the role of protein kinases and their respective phosphotases. Methylation and acetylation reactions and their role in the "histone code", which regulates genome expression on the transcription level, are also reviewed. This paper also describes the modification of proteins by large hydrophobic residues and their role in the function of membrane-associated proteins. Much attention is paid to the glycosylation of proteins, which leads to the formation of glycoproteins. We also describe the main non-enzymatic protein modifications such as glycation, homocysteination, and desamida-tion of amide residues in dibasic acids.

The light emitted when pion irradiated glucose is dissolved in luminol solution has been found to be proportional to the pion beam depth dose distribution in water as determined by a TE ionisation chamber. The lyoluminescence of glucose overlaps very closely with the response profile of the ionisation chamber to the 170 MeV/c Ir--mesons giving a Bragg peak to plateau ratio of 3 : 1. In comparison, the thermoluminescence response of LiF (TLD-700) to pions has been found to deviate significantly from this ratio. The close tissue equivalence of glucose, non-toxicity and its excellent lyoluminescent retention properties are important advantages over currently used dosemeters in clinical pion therapy, especially when direct in v i m measurements are considered.Pion doses ranging between 0.5 Gy (50 rad) and 30 Gy (3000 rad) were measured with an accuracy *s0/o and reproducibility 3-5%.