The objective of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of the toxins present in Lachesis muta muta's venom on human peripheral blood leukocytes and the protective potential of ascorbic acid on DNA fragmentation. The venom of L. muta muta was incubated in different concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 120 µg/mL) with human blood to evaluate DNA fragmentation using the comet, agarose gel electrophoresis, and micronucleus assays. In these concentrations evaluated, the venom of L. muta muta induced genotoxicity (comet assay and agarose gel electrophoresis) and mutagenicity (micronucleus test), but they were not cytotoxic, as they did not change the rate of cell proliferation after cytokinesis blockade with cytochalasin B. The ascorbic acid significantly inhibited the genotoxicity induced by L. muta muta venom in the proportions evaluated (1:0.
The protective action of caffeic (CA) and syringic (SA) acids on the genotoxicity exercised by snake venoms was investigated in this study. Molecular interactions between phenolic acids and the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase were also explored. In the electrophoresis assay, SA did not inhibit the genotoxicity induced by the venom. However, CA partially inhibited DNA degradation. In the comet assay, SA and CA exerted an inhibitory effect on the venom‐induced fragmentation. Succinate dehydrogenase presented, in computational analyzes, favorable energies to the molecular bond to both the malonic acid and the phenolic compounds evaluated. In the enzymatic activity assays, SA inhibited succinate dehydrogenase and interfered in the interaction of malonic acid. Meanwhile, CA potentiated the inhibition exerted by the malonic acid. The results suggest transient interactions between toxins present in venoms and phenolic acids, mainly by hydrogen interactions, which corroborate with the data from previous works.
The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Lippia sidoides Cham. were chemically characterized and tested for their action on enzymes involved in processes such as inflammation, blood coagulation, and digestion. Both extracts potentiated the activity of phospholipases A2 present in the venom of Bothrops atrox in 12 % and completely inhibited the hemolysis induced by B. jararacussu and B. moojeni venoms in the proportions between 1 : 0.5 and 1 : 5 (venom/extracts (w/w)). They inhibited the thrombolysis induced by B. moojeni (10 to 25 %), potentiated the thrombolysis induced by the Lachesis muta muta venom (30 to 80 %), prolonged the coagulation time induced by B. moojeni and L. muta muta venoms, and presented antigenotoxic action. Both extracts reduced the activity of α‐glycosidases, the aqueous extract inhibited lipases, and the ethanolic extract inhibited α‐amylases. The results demonstrate the modulatory action of the extracts on proteases, phospholipases, and digestive enzymes. In addition, the rich phenolic composition of these extracts highlights their potential for nutraceutical use.
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