The phenolic compounds from various extracts of jabuticaba skin powder (JSP) were characterized in this study, and the antibacterial activity assessed. The phenolic compounds were extracted from the JSP using four methods: a) acetone extraction -1 g JSP: 10 mL 70% acetone, resting for 2 hours; b) aqueous extract -1 g JSP: 15 mL water, under agitation; c) ethanolic extract -1 g JSP: 15 mL acidified ethanol, under agitation; and d) methanolic extract -1 g JSP: 50 mL 50% methanol, under reflux. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the agar diffusion assay, using Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 6539, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts showed the highest levels of phenolic compounds, especially of cyanidin chloride, catechin and epicatechin. The extracts did not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella choleraesuis, but inhibited 30% of the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an extract concentration of 250 µg mL -1 . Against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes the highest inhibitory effect observed was 41.8% for the ethanolic extract, followed by 36% inhibition by the methanolic extract, thus revealing the potential of these extracts as possible alternatives for use in the food and/or pharmaceutical industries. ResumoNeste estudo, caracterizaram-se os compostos fenólicos e avaliou-se a atividade antibacteriana de extratos obtidos da farinha da casca de jabuticaba (FCJ). Os compostos fenólicos da FCJ foram extraídos de quatro formas: a) extrato acetônico -1 g FCJ: 10 mL acetona 70%, duas horas em repouso; b) extrato aquoso -1 g FCJ: 15 mL água, sob agitação; c) extrato etanólico -1 g FCJ: 15 mL etanol acidificado, sob agitação; e d) extrato metanólico -1 g FCJ: 50 mL metanol 50%, sob refluxo. A atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada pela técnica de difusão cavidade em Ágar, utilizando-se os microrganismos Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Salmonella cholerasuis ATCC 6539, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 e Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram os teores mais elevados de compostos fenólicos, sobretudo o cloreto de cianidina, catequina e epicatequina. Os extratos não inibiram o crescimento de Escherichia coli e Salmonella choleraesuis, mas inibiu em 30% o crescimento de Pseudomonas aeruginosa na concentração do extrato de 250 µg mL -1 . A maior inibição de crescimento registrada foi de 41,8% pelo extrato etanólico, seguida pela inibição de 36% pelo extrato metanólico, contra as bactérias Staphylococcus aureus e Listeria monocytogenes, revelando assim a potencialidade destes extratos como possível alternativa para utilização na indústria de alimentos e/ou farmacêutica. Cite as: Jabuticaba skin extracts: phenolic compounds and antibacterial activity. Braz.

In this study, different phenolic extracts were obtained from the jaboticaba skin meal (JSM), whose phenolic compounds were characterized and their antibacterial activities were assessed. Moreover, the activity of lyophilized ethanolic extract of jaboticaba skin (EEJS) on wound healing was analyzed in rats. The JSM phenolic extracts were obtained in four ways: aqueous, methanolic, ethanolic, and acetone extracts. The phenolic compounds were characterized in these extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography, and their antibacterial activities were evaluated. The in vivo experiment was divided into four groups and received the following treatments: G1-silver sulfadiazine (positive control); G2-EEJS at 10%; G3-EEJS at 5%, and G4-EEJS at 2.5%. The aqueous extract did not inhibit the growing of any bacterium. The ethanolic, acetone, and methanolic extracts inhibited the growing of all bacteria tested at the concentrations of 1.25%, 2.50%, and 5.00%, respectively. The ethanolic extract was the one that showed the highest bacterial inhibition potential and the highest contents of phenolic compounds, especially of catechin, epicatechin gallate, and epicatechin. The G3 and G4 treatments presented faster wound healing compared to the G1 one, as it promoted a less intense inflammatory reaction and full closure of the wounds at an accelerated rate.

ABSTRACT. The agro-industrial waste from fruit presents as a promising source for the extraction of active principles with biological activity. This study evaluated the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the extract of acerola bagasse flour (ABF) and characterized phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the free-radical scavenging activity using the ABTS+ procedure and by β-carotene/linoleic acid system. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar-well diffusion method, using the microorganisms Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 and Salmonella cholerasuis ATCC 6539. In ABF extract were identified phenolic compounds, in order of increasing concentration: quercetin, p-cumárico acid, gallic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, catechin, syringic acid and epicatechin. This extract showed antioxidant potential and bactericidal activity for both gram-negative and gram-positive strains, presenting potential to be used in the food industry.Keywords: Malpighia emarginata, fruit residue, free radical, antimicrobial.Caracterização dos compostos fenólicos, potencial antioxidante e antibacteriano do extrato de farinha de bagaço de acerola RESUMO. Resíduos agroindustriais de frutas apresentam-se como uma fonte promissora para a extração de princípios ativos com atividades biológicas. Neste estudo, avaliaram-se as atividades antioxidante e antibacteriana do extrato de farinha de bagaço de acerola (FBA) e caracterizaram-se os compostos fenólicos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelo método de sequestro de radicais livres ABTS e pelo sistema β-caroteno/ácido linoleico. A atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada pela técnica de difusão cavidade em ágar, utilizando os microrganismos Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 e Salmonella cholerasuis ATCC 6539. No extrato da FBA, foram identificados os compostos fenólicos, em ordem crescente de concentração: quercetina, ácido p-cumárico, ácido gálico, galato de epicatequina, catequina, ácido siríngico e epicatequina. Esse extrato apresentou potencial antioxidante e atividade antibacteriana para as bactérias gram-negativas e gram-positivas, apresentando potencial para ser utilizado na indústria de alimentos.Palavras-chave: Malpighia emarginata, resíduo de fruta, radical livre, antimicrobiano.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of the toxins present in Lachesis muta muta's venom on human peripheral blood leukocytes and the protective potential of ascorbic acid on DNA fragmentation. The venom of L. muta muta was incubated in different concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 120 µg/mL) with human blood to evaluate DNA fragmentation using the comet, agarose gel electrophoresis, and micronucleus assays. In these concentrations evaluated, the venom of L. muta muta induced genotoxicity (comet assay and agarose gel electrophoresis) and mutagenicity (micronucleus test), but they were not cytotoxic, as they did not change the rate of cell proliferation after cytokinesis blockade with cytochalasin B. The ascorbic acid significantly inhibited the genotoxicity induced by L. muta muta venom in the proportions evaluated (1:0.

The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Lippia sidoides Cham. were chemically characterized and tested for their action on enzymes involved in processes such as inflammation, blood coagulation, and digestion. Both extracts potentiated the activity of phospholipases A2 present in the venom of Bothrops atrox in 12 % and completely inhibited the hemolysis induced by B. jararacussu and B. moojeni venoms in the proportions between 1 : 0.5 and 1 : 5 (venom/extracts (w/w)). They inhibited the thrombolysis induced by B. moojeni (10 to 25 %), potentiated the thrombolysis induced by the Lachesis muta muta venom (30 to 80 %), prolonged the coagulation time induced by B. moojeni and L. muta muta venoms, and presented antigenotoxic action. Both extracts reduced the activity of α‐glycosidases, the aqueous extract inhibited lipases, and the ethanolic extract inhibited α‐amylases. The results demonstrate the modulatory action of the extracts on proteases, phospholipases, and digestive enzymes. In addition, the rich phenolic composition of these extracts highlights their potential for nutraceutical use.

The current study evaluated the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of the lyophilized extract of acerola bagasse (EAB), which is a residue from the processing of the fruit (rich in phenolic compounds), against the toxic action of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in Wistar rats. The rats were divided into six groups of six animals and received the treatments by gavage once a day, for 21 days. The treatments with EAB containing 7 and 14 mg of phenolic compounds/kg animal weight (AW) presented a decrease in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase, and an increase in superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity and albumin content in relation to treatment with water and CCl4. It is concluded that the EAB has antioxidant and hepatoprotective action, at doses of 7 and 14 mg of phenolic compounds/kg AW, with possible applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. Practical application Agro‐industrial wastes are promising sources of phytochemicals beneficial to health, as the phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds prevent the action of reactive species in the human body, as well as the onset of various diseases. In this study, extract of acerola bagasse possess antioxidant and hepatoprotective actions due to the presence of phenolic compounds. The extract was able to reduce the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma glutamyl transferase and increase in total antioxidant levels in plasma. Thus, the acerola bagasse is a source phenolic compounds, whose extract might be able to fight reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.

Guava is a highly perishable fruit due to its intense metabolism during ripening, with a shelf life of up to five days at room temperature. The loss of firmness during ripening is caused by the activity of hydrolytic enzymes that promote dissolution of the pectin constituents of the cell wall. Although guava is considered to be rich in pectin, the amounts reported in the literature do not exceed 2.4%, a content indicating it is not responsible for the firmness of guava. The aim of this study was to extract pectin from the guava pulp during 7 days of ripening by two methods (ethanol and EDTA extraction) and suggest modifications in the methods by adding to the extraction residue, cellulase and pectinase to degrade the cell wall structure of the fruit and obtain larger amounts of pectin, which would imply the participation of pectin in the maintenance of fruit firmness. It was possible to infer there were no differences in the pectin levels extracted by the two methods, due to sugar contamination. As from the new stage in the execution by the two methods, the extraction was more efficient: 9.10% of pectin with EDTA and 7.63% with ethanol. The pectin contents found were higher than those mentioned in the literature, better explaining their responsibility in fruit firmness.

Multicomponent reactions are extremely relevant in green chemistry. They offer better conditions than traditional synthesis and are, therefore, used for many organic modifications. Recently, the synthesis of polyhydroquinolines has received much attention for its high pharmacological potential. In the present study, a polyhydroquinoline derivative was synthesized without the use of catalysts or solvents. The results of nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that the molecule was successfully synthesized. The molecule presents significant results of antimicrobial activity for the bacteria tested in the serial dilution method. It also increased the clotting time by 25.66 seconds for the highest dose and 12.66 seconds for the other doses tested. Prior incubation with the dose of 125 mg reduced the thrombolytic activity to 73%. The 125, 100, and 50 mg doses previously incubated with Bothrops moojeni venom inhibited approximately 30% of the phospholipase activity. The molecule was also able to reduce the cytotoxicity induced by proteases significantly. In conclusion, the molecule presents several biological properties, which highlights its pharmaceutical potential.