Purpose. To study of yield formation and protein content in the grain of different ripening varieties of soft winter wheat under the condition of using various types and doses of fertilizers. Methods. Field and laboratory (determination of protein content), calculation (collection of protein), mathematical and statistical. Results. It was found that different fertilization systems reliably increased the grain yield of soft winter wheat. The use of N75 increased this indicator by 1.2 times and N150 by 1.4 times in the varieties studied, compared with the no-fertilizer variant. Yield with incomplete return of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer was only 2–3% lower than with complete mineral fertilizer. With the nitrogen-phosphorus and nitrogen-potassium fertilization systems, the yield was 5–7% higher than with the nitrogen system. At the same time, this indicator was 6% lower than in the full mineral fertilizer version of the trial. The use of 75 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer per year increased the protein content to 13.5%, or by 10% compared to the control. In the double dose nitrogen fertilizer variant, the protein content increased to 14.2% or by 15%. The use of nitrogen fertilizers with phosphorus-potassium only contributed 2–4% to the increase of this indicator. Cultivation of winter wheat under the condition of application of N75 increased the collection of protein up to 724 kg/ha or by 33%, and with a double dose of nitrogen fertilizer – up to 848 kg/ha or by 55% compared to the option without fertilizer. In the N75P30K40 variant, protein yield increased by 10% compared to the nitrogen system. The application of a complete mineral fertilizer (N150P60K40) increased this indicator by 12%. Conclusions. It was found that the use of N75P30K40 increased the grain yield of soft winter wheat by up to 5.9 t/ha, or 7%, compared to the option where only 75 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer was applied. Yield development in soft winter wheat varies considerably from variety to variety. For example, this indicator was 35% higher in the ‘KWS Emil’ variety than in the ‘Prino’ line. In addition, the grain yield of both varieties is reliably influenced by the weather conditions during the growing season. The protein content of soft winter wheat varies considerably depending on the variety and the weather conditions. When growing soft winter wheat varieties, the protein content can vary by 12.8–15.1%. Weather conditions during the growing season can change this indicator by 13.1–14.7%. The protein content index in the grain of the ‘Prino’ line is significantly higher than that of the ‘KWS Emil’ variety. According to the protein yield per hectare indicator, the ‘KWS Emil’ variety (896 kg/ha) has a significant advantage over the ‘Prino’ line (774 kg/ha).
The article presents the results of studying the formation of yield and grain quality (protein content, its output with yield, gluten content) of maturing stages of soft winter wheat with different fertilizer systems in crop rotation. It was found that on average for two years of studying the cultivation of KVS Emil, grain yield increased from 4.50 to 5.83 t/ha or 1.3 times during the application of N75 and up to 6.96 t/ha, or 1,5 times in the variant of the experiment with long-term application of 150 kg ai/ha of nitrogen fertilizers. The application of N75P30K40 increased it up to 6.43 t/ha or 1.4 times, and the application of complete fertilizer (N150P60K80) increased it up to 7.73 t/ha, or 1.7 times. Variants with incomplete return to the soil, removed with crops of phosphorus and potassium provided the formation of 1–3 % lower yield compared to complete fertilizer. The use of complete fertilizer in crop rotation contributed to the growth of the stability index of grain yield formation compared to the options without fertilizers, the application of P60K80 and the use of only nitrogen fertilizers. The yield of Rino soft wheat was signifcantly lower than that of KVS Emil. In addition, the efciency of fertilizer application was lower. Thus, on average for two years of research on unfertilized areas, it was 3.77 t/ha. The variant of the experiment with the use of the maximum dose of mineral fertilizers both in the crop rotation and in winter wheat contributed to an increase in yield by 1.5 times, and during the application of half of this dose – by 1.2 times in comparison with the control. The use of N75 increased the protein content in the KVS Emil grain up to 12.3 % or 5 %, and the application of N150 increased it up to 13.3 %, or 14 % compared to the option without fertilizers (11.7 %). The use of complete fertilizer provided an increase of this indicator by 8 % (N75P30K40) and by 17 % (N150P60K80). The protein content of Rino soft winter wheat was 20–23 % higher than that of KVS Emil. The application of 75 kg ai/ha of nitrogen fertilizers increased its content up to 15.4 % or 7 %, and the application of 150 kg ai/ha of nitrogen increased the protein content up to 15.9 % or 10 % compared to the option without fertilizers. The use of nitrogen fertilizers with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers increased the protein content by 0.2–0.5 % compared to the application of nitrogen fertilizers only. The stability index of protein content formation was high for growing both varieties – 1.02–1.06. In the agrotechnology of soft winter wheat, it is necessary to apply 75–150 kg ai/ha of nitrogen fertilizers against the background of P30K40. This fertilizer system provides the 13.2–13.8 % protein content in the KVS Emil grain, the gluten content – 28.5–30.6 %, the protein collection at the level of 965–1055 kg/ha. For the Rino variety, respectively, 15.5–16.3 %, 34.5–35.8 % and 810–880 kg/ha. Key words: soft winter wheat, variety, fertilizer systems, yield, protein content, gluten content.
The article shows the influence of different rates and combinations of mineral fertilizers on the balance of essential nutrients in the four-field crop rotation (winter wheat, corn, spring barley, and soybean) during eight years in the context of incorporation into the soil or removal of a non-commercial part of the yield of the field. The stationary field experiment was performed on the black podzolized heavy loamy soil of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe. The experiment scheme included 11 variants of combinations and separate applications of mineral fertilizers as well as control variants without fertilization. It has been established that in the annual removal of nutrients together with grain harvest nitrogen makes up the biggest share (64.4–149.9 kg hа-1), then phosphorus – 21.1–51.4 kg hа-1 depending on the fertilizing in the crop rotation. The variant of the experiment N110P60K40 provides the optimal intensity of the balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (103, 122, and 111%, respectively) when a non- marketable part of the yield is left for fertilizing in the field. When this part of the yield is removed from the field there is a deficit balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium with the intensity (76, 76, 61%, respectively) even in the variant with the annual average application of N110P60K80. The use of non-marketable agricultural products in crop rotation for fertilization and the average annual application of N110P30–60K40–80 allows compensation for the losses of nitrogen 24%, phosphorus 33%, and potassium 71%
Aims. To determine the formation of physico-chemical properties of different ripening varieties of soft winter wheat grain under different fertilizer systems in a field crop rotation. Methods. Laboratory, mathematical and statistical, physicochemical. Results. The article presents the formation of physico-chemical properties (thousand grain weight, grain unit, hardness index, protein content) of different ripening varieties of soft winter wheat grain under different fertilizer systems in the field crop rotation. On average, over two years of research, thousand grain weight of KWS Emil soft winter wheat increased from 37.2 to 38.5 g, depending on the fertilizer system. The use of all types of fertilizers increased it by 3 % compared to areas without fertilizers. There is no significant difference between fertilizer application systems in the field crop rotation. The high stability index (0.96–1.00) of thousand grain weight formation under growing both varieties indicates a slight influence of weather conditions of the growing season. Thus, in 2020 this figure increased from 37.1 to 38.3 g, and in 2021 – from 37.2 to 39.1 g. In Rino variety, thousand grain weight was significantly higher than in KWS Emil variety by 16–17 %. The application of 75 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizers increased it from 43.2 g to 43.6–43.8 g or only by 1 %, and at a double dose – to 44.8–45.2 g, or by 4–5 %. The efficiency of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers was higher than the cultivation of KWS Emil, and lower in Rino. The grain unit of both soft winter wheat varieties increased both on average and over the years of research with a stability index of 0.98–1.00. Thus, on average over two years of research, it increased in KWS Emil variety from 771 to 779–789 g/l or 1–2 % depending on the fertilizer system. Rino grain had 6% more grain unit compared to KWS Emil. On average, it increased from 820 to 831–838 g/l per fertilizer application or only by 1–2 %. Conclusions. It is established that the physico-chemical properties of grain change depending on the fertilizer system, variety and weather conditions of the growing season. Rino grain has higher physico-chemical properties. Thus, thousand grain weight increases from 43.2 to 43.6–45.2 g, grain unit – from 820 to 831–838 g/l, protein content – from 14.4 to 15.4–16.4 %, depending on the fertilizer system, hardness type – hard-grained. In KWS Emil variety, thousand grain weight increases from 37.2 to 38.3–38.5 g, grain unit – from 771 to 779–789 g/l, protein content – from 11.7 to 12.3–13.7 % depending on the fertilizer system, hardness type – soft-grained.
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