Summary: Botulinum toxin, a product of Clostridium botulinum, produces presynaptic neuromuscular block by preventing release of acetylcholine from nerve endings. The toxin was injected directly into the skeletal muscles of six patients with severe spasticity due to stroke-related hemiplegia. It produced both subjective and objective improvement. The toxin injections were well tolerated and no significant side effect was reported.
Background:Propofol is one of the widely used intravenous (i.v.) anaesthetics, although pain on injection still remains a considerable concern for the anaesthesiologists. A number of techniques has been tried to minimize propofol-induced pain with variable results. Recently, a 5-HT3 antagonist, ondansetron pre-treatment, has been shown to reduce propofol-induced pain. The aim of our randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study was to determine whether pre-treatment with intravenous granisetron, which is routinely used in our practice for prophylaxis of post-operative nausea and vomiting, would reduce propofol-induced pain.Methods:Eighty-two women, aged 18–50 years, American society of Anaesthesiologist grading (ASA) I–II, scheduled for various surgeries under general anaesthesia were randomly assigned to one of the two groups. One group received 2 mL 0.9% sodium chloride while the other group received 2 mL granisetron (1 mg/mL), and were accompanied by manual venous occlusion for 1 min. Then, 2 mL propofol was injected through the same cannula. Patients were asked by a blinded investigator to score the pain on injection of propofol with a four-point scale: 0=no pain, 1=mild pain, 2=moderate pain, 3=severe pain.Results:Twenty-four patients (60%) complained of pain in the group pre-treated with normal saline as compared with six (15%) in the group pre-treated with granisetron. Pain was reduced significantly in the granisetron group (P<0.05). Severity of pain was also lesser in the granisetron group compared with the placebo group (2.5% vs. 37.5%).Conclusion:We conclude that pre-treatment with granisetron along with venous occlusion for 1 min for prevention of propofol-induced pain was highly successful.
A
bstract
Introduction
Among the various plants studied, cinnamon has emerged as a potential herbal antimicrobial agent. Besides the medicinal plants, recently probiotics have also been recognized to affect cinnamon bark oil
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans)
and other harmful oral and gut microflora.
Aim and objective
This placebo-controlled study aims to compare the antimicrobial potential of cinnamon bark oil incorporated and probiotic blend [
Lactobacillus plantarum
(TSP-Lp1), and
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
(TSP-Lrh1)] incorporated mucoadhesive patch against salivary
S. mutans
in caries active 7–10-year-old children.
Design
It was a double-blinded placebo-controlled study with
n
= 60. They were randomly allotted into three groups—Group I: Cinnamon patch, group II: probiotic patch, and group III: control patch (placebo) with
n
= 20 in each group.
Materials and methods
The study was carried out in three phases. In the first phase, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cinnamon bark oil was determined against
S. mutans
followed by the formulation of cinnamon and probiotic patches. After a washout period of 2 weeks and a collection of baseline saliva samples, these patches were tested on the subjects from respective groups for 14 days with twice a day placement protocol. On the 15th day, saliva samples were collected and cultured, CFU/mL of the saliva of
S. mutans
for each subject was recorded and compared with baseline samples. Feedback in the form of a questionnaire was obtained from the patients.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics, paired
t
-test for intragroup comparison, unpaired
t
-test for intergroup comparison, analysis of variance (ANOVA) for intergroup comparison, and
post hoc
Scheffe's.
Results
The results showed that both cinnamon patch and probiotic patch were comparable to each other in terms of their anti-
S. mutans
activity. The intragroup comparison of the CFU/mL count showed a highly significant reduction from baseline to post-intervention for both the groups (
p
= 0.001).
Conclusion
Both cinnamon and probiotic blend have a strong antimicrobial property owing to their ability to cause significant reduction in salivary
S. mutans
and both the patches showed good patient acceptance.
How to cite this article
Gandhi HA, Srilatha KT, Deshmukh S,
et al.
Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Cinnamon Bark Oil Incorporated and Probiotic Blend Incorporated ...
Impact of rheological properties of substrate on anaerobic digestion and digestate dewaterability: New insights through rheological and physico-chemical interaction, Water Research,
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