This article evaluates the implementation of the Brazilian Ministry of Health's Program for Humanization of Prenatal and Childbirth Care using data generated by the SISPRENATAL/DATASUS database from the Unified National Health System. From its beginning in June 2000 until December 2002, 3,983 municipalities joined the Program, and 71% of participating municipalities (3,183) reported their health care activities, constituting a database with 720,871 women. Nearly 20% of the women had six or more prenatal visits, and approximately half of them had the postpartum follow-up visit and required lab tests performed in 2002. In addition, 41% of the women had been vaccinated against tetanus. The number of HIV antibody tests was twice that of syphilis during the two-year period. Only a small percentage of women (2% in 2001 and 5% in 2002) received the entire set of prenatal and childbirth care services. The low percentages attest to the need for permanent evaluation aimed at improving quality of care and guaranteeing both high-quality maternal and perinatal results and the inalienable right of women to safe care and well-being during pregnancy and delivery.

These findings support the importance of severity of maternal HIV-1 disease in the risk of vertical transmission of HIV-1, indicate measures to reduce transmission by avoiding amniocentesis and breastfeeding and suggest that race and Rhesus blood type may be markers for genetic susceptibility to infection.

O objetivo deste artigo foi contextualizar historicamente a implantação do Programa de Humanização do Pré-Natal e Nascimento do Ministério da Saúde no Brasil, resgatando, através de análise documental e situacional, seus aspectos conceituais, filosófico e operacional. O Programa, lançado em junho de 2000, tem como principal estratégia assegurar a melhoria do acesso, da cobertura e da qualidade do acompanhamento pré-natal, da assistência ao parto e puerpério das gestantes e ao recém-nascido, na perspectiva dos direitos de cidadania. O Programa fundamenta-se no direito à humanização da assistência obstétrica e neonatal como condição primeira para adequado acompanhamento, além de estabelecer critérios para qualificar a assistência e promover o vínculo entre a assistência ambulatorial e o momento do parto, integrados e com intervenções que tivessem fortes evidências de que são efetivas. O artigo apresenta o panorama da assistência pré-natal no Brasil no fim da década de 90, discute os princípios da humanização como requisito para a qualidade da atenção, reconstitui o delineamento e lançamento do Programa, bem como comenta aspectos práticos de sua avaliação inicial e desafios para o futuro.

The last decade has witnessed initiatives to expand access to contraceptives in Brazil. However, the last population-based study on contraception was undertaken in 2006. A household survey in 2015 investigated contraceptive practices in women 15 to 44 years of age living in the city of São Paulo. The current study selected data on young women 15 to 19 years of age. The objectives were to identify the prevalence of contraception, the contraceptives used, sources, and differences in contraceptive practices. The young women are part of a probabilistic study sample. Differences in contraception use were compared by multiple logistic regression analysis. A total of 633 young women were interviewed, of whom 310 (48.5%) were sexually initiated. Of these, 60% reported emergency contraception use at least once in their lives. Emergency contraception use was directly proportional to age and lifetime number of partners. Prevalence of contraception was 81%. The odds of current contraception use were higher among young women residing in the health district of the city with the better social conditions, Catholics, those who reported sexual relations in the previous 30 days, and those with history of an obstetrics and gynaecology visit in the previous year, and inversely proportional to the lifetime number of sex partners. Male condoms and the pill were the most common methods (28.2% and 23%). Most of the women purchased their contraceptives in retail pharmacies (75.2%), and the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) was only a significant source for injectable hormonal contraceptives. Government support for women's sexual and reproductive rights is still insufficient.

Although vertical transmission of HIV-1 can occur through breast-feeding, little is known about the effect of colostrum, duration of breast-feeding, mixing feeding, and nipple pathology. We used retrospective cohort data to examine the association between breast-feeding-related factors and transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child in São Paulo State, Brazil. Information on maternal and postnatal factors was collected by medical record review and interview. Infection status was determined for 434 children by anti-HIV-1 tests performed beyond 18 months of age or diagnosis of AIDS at any age. Among 168 breast-fed children, the risk of transmission of HIV-1 was 21%, compared with 13% (p = .01) among 264 children artificially fed. Breast-feeding was independently and significantly associated with mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 after controlling for stage of maternal HIV-1 disease (odds ratio [OR] = 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-3.8). A trend was shown toward an increased risk of transmission with longer duration of breast-feeding, a history of bleeding nipples, and introduction of other liquid food before weaning, but these associations were not statistically significant. History of colostrum intake or cracked nipples without bleeding were not associated with transmission. Most of the women who breast-fed were unaware of their HIV-1 infection status at the time of delivery. Avoidance of mixed feeding and withholding of breast-feeding in the presence of bleeding nipples should be considered in further research as strategies to reduce postnatal transmission of HIV-1 in settings in which safe and sustainable alternatives for breast-feeding are not yet available.

BackgroundIn many countries, young women of reproductive age have been especially affected by the HIV epidemic, which have fostered research to better understand how HIV infection influences and shapes women´s fertility and reproductive and sexual decisions. In Brazil, few studies have focused on the impact of the HIV epidemic on contraceptive choices among women living with HIV (WLHIV).ObjectiveThis study evaluates the impact HIV infection may have in the access to female sterilization in Brazil, using a time-to-event analysis.MethodsA cross-sectional quantitative study (GENIH study) was conducted between February 2013 and April 2014 in the city of São Paulo, comparing two probabilistic samples of 975 WLHIV and 1,003 women not living with HIV (WNLHIV) aged 18 to 49. Sexual and reproductive data was collected retrospectively in order to reconstruct women's reproductive trajectories. Given the objectives of this study, the analysis was restricted to women with parity one or more and, in case of WLHIV, to those sterilized after HIV diagnosis and not infected through vertical transmission. The final sample analysis included 683 WNLHIV and 690 WLHIV. A series of multivariable-adjusted Cox models estimated the probability of being sterilized after HIV diagnosis, compared with WNLHIV. Models were adjusted for schooling, race/color, and stratified by parity at last delivery (1–2, 3+). Hazard ratios were calculated for female sterilization, and separately for interval and postpartum procedures (performed in conjunction with caesarean section or immediately after vaginal delivery). Additionally, information regarding unmet demand for female sterilization was also explored.FindingsNo statistical difference in the overall risk of sterilization between WLHIV and WNLHIV in the two parity-related groups is observed: HR = 0.88 (0.54–1.43) and 0.94 (0.69–1.29), respectively, among women with 1–2 children and those with three and more. However, significant differences regarding the impact of HIV infection at sterilization are observed depending on the timing and the type of sterilization procedure. The probability of obtaining an interval sterilization is significantly lower for WLHIV compared to those not living with HIV. The reverse occurs regarding postpartum sterilization. Although sterilization is mainly performed in conjunction with caesarean section in Brazil, it is evident that caesarean sections are not the sole factor increasing the risk of sterilization among WLHIV.ConclusionThe results indicate barriers in the access to services offering interval sterilization for WLHIV and certain facilitation in obtaining the procedure in conjunction with caesarean section. Health policy makers at local and national levels should promote institutional changes in order to facilitate access to interval sterilization and to confront the sensitive discussion of WLHIV’s eligibility for postpartum sterilization. It is also urgent to increase access to a wider range of contraceptive methods for WLHIV and promote dual method protection stra...

Resumo: A contracepção é fundamental para que as mulheres possam regular sua fecundidade, exercendo uma das dimensões dos direitos reprodutivos. No entanto, desconhecemos como elas enfrentam esse desafio na maior cidade do Brasil, São Paulo. Para preencher essa lacuna, o inquérito populacional Ouvindo Mulheres: Contracepção no Município de São Paulo foi realizado junto a uma amostra probabilística de 4 mil mulheres com 15 a 44 anos de idade, residentes nessa cidade, em 2015. Neste artigo, apresenta-se a prevalência da prática contraceptiva, analisam-se os fatores associados ao não uso de contracepção e aos tipos de contraceptivos em uso. A prevalência da anticoncepção foi estimada para mulheres com, pelo menos, uma relação heterossexual nos 12 meses anteriores à entrevista e que não estavam grávidas. Regressão logística foi utilizada para verificar fatores associados ao não uso de contracepção, e o modelo CHAID, para identificar associações aos tipos de contraceptivo em uso. A prevalência da anticoncepção foi 84,8% (IC95%: 83,2-86,3). Os contraceptivos mais prevalentes foram pílula e preservativo masculino. Associaram-se ao não uso de anticoncepção, religião (Pentecostal), número de filhos (menos do que 3), não ter usado contraceptivo na primeira relação sexual, não ter parceiro e não ter tido relação sexual no mês anterior. O número de filhos tidos e a idade da mulher foram os dois primeiros níveis de discriminação dos tipos de contraceptivo utilizados. A prevalência da anticoncepção é alta, mas mantém-se a concentração em dois métodos: anteriormente, laqueadura e pílula, agora, pílula e preservativo masculino. É necessário incorporar novos contraceptivos hormonais no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e promover o uso de métodos de longa duração como o DIU.

IntroduçãoA proximidade de 2016 tem feito crescer a expectativa e a preocupação de uma grande comunidade composta por organizações da sociedade civil, demógrafos, profissionais e gestores de saúde, que esperam pela realização da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde (PNDS). Afinal, há três décadas, esta investigação se realiza nos anos com "final 6" no Brasil.Sintonizadas com este sentimento, integrantes do Grupo de Trabalho de Fecundidade e Comportamento Sexual e Reprodutivo, reunidas durante o Congresso da Associação Brasileira de Estudos Populacionais (Abep) em novembro de 2014, propuseram-se a identificar as questões necessárias para compreender o comportamento reprodutivo no presente, que deveriam ser respondidas em uma nova rodada da pesquisa. É preciso examinar também se, à luz das informações produzidas em inquéritos populacionais recentes e diante da conjuntura econômica vigente, é mesmo imprescindível realizar a PNDS 2016.A presente nota pretende contribuir para essa reflexão. Após um breve resumo sobre os antecedentes e propósitos da PNDS no Brasil, examinam-se os conteúdos correlatos abordados em inquéritos populacionais de âmbito nacional, realizados a partir de 2010. Identificam-se temas atualmente em investigação no programa da Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), bem como algumas lacunas essenciais a serem preenchidas por uma nova PNDS.