[Purpose] The purpose of the present study was to establish the intra- and inter-rater
reliability of measurement of extensor strength in the maximum shoulder abducted position
and internal rotator strength in the 90° abducted and the 90° external rotated position
using a hand-held dynamometer. [Subjects and Methods] Twelve healthy volunteers (12 male;
mean ± SD: age 19.0 ± 1.1 years) participated in the study. The examiners were two
students who had nonclinical experience with a hand-held dynamometer measurement. The
examiners and participants were blinded to measurement results by the recorder.
Participants in the prone position were instructed to hold the contraction against the
ground reaction force, and peak isometric force was recorded using the hand-held
dynamometer on the floor. Reliability was determined using intraclass correlation
coefficients. [Results] The intra- and inter-rater reliability data were found to be
“almost perfect”. [Conclusion] This study investigated intra- and inter-rater reliability
and reveald high reliability. Thus, the measurement method used in the present study can
evaluate muscle strength by a simple measurement technique.
[Purpose] The purpose of present study was to establish the same-session and between-day
intra-rater reliability of measurements of extensor strength in the maximum abducted
position (MABP) using hand-held dynamometer (HHD). [Subjects] Thirteen healthy volunteers
(10 male, 3 female; mean ± SD: age 19.8 ± 0.8 y) participated in the study. [Methods]
Participants in the prone position with maximum abduction of shoulder were instructed to
hold the contraction against the ground reaction force, and peak isometric force was
recorded using the HHD on the floor. Participants performed maximum isometric contractions
lasting 3 s, with 3 trials in one session. Between-day measurements were performed in 2
sessions separated by a 1-week interval. Intra-rater reliability was determined using
intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Systematic errors were assessed using
Bland-Altman analysis for between-day data. [Results] ICC values for same-session data and
between-day data were found to be “almost perfect”. Systematic errors not existed and only
random error existed. [Conclusion] The measurement method used in this study can easily
control for experimental conditions and allow precise measurement because the lack of
stabilization and the impact of tester strength are removed. Thus, extensor strength in
MABP measurement is beneficial for muscle strength assessment.
[Purpose] The purpose of the present study was to confirm the relationships between
shoulder strength (extensor strength and internal rotator strength) of the abducted
position and swimming power during arm-only swimming. [Subjects and Methods] Fourteen
healthy male collegiate swimmers participated in the study. Main measures were shoulder
strength (strength using torque that was calculated from the upper extremity length and
the isometric force of the abducted position) and swimming power. [Results] Internal
rotation torque of the dominant side in the abducted external rotated position (r=0.85)
was significantly correlated with maximum swimming power. The rate of bilateral difference
in extension torque in the maximum abducted position (r=−0.728) was significantly
correlated with the swimming velocity-to-swimming power ratio. [Conclusion] The results of
this study suggest that internal rotator strength measurement in the abducted external
rotated position and extensor strength measurement in the maximum abducted position are
valid assessment methods for swimmers.
[Purpose] The present study aimed to demonstrate the following by using measurements for
the definite angles provided by the digital protractor: inter-rater reliability and
validity in radiograph measurements and smartphone application measurements. [Subjects and
Methods] The subject angles were 26 angles between 15° and 180° that were selected
randomly using a computer. Three examiners measured the angles using the radiograph and
smartphone application. The radiograph was obtained at a position 250 cm from the chest
shooting cassette holder. The smartphone photograph was obtained at positions 50, 100,
150, 200, and 250 cm from the holder. [Results] Under all conditions, intra-class
correlation coefficients showed 0.999. The correlation coefficient was 0.999 for all
conditions. The mean absolute difference to the protractor was ≤0.28° for all conditions.
[Conclusion] In comparison with the protractor, radiograph measurements and smartphone
application measurements, the results of the present study showed high inter-rater
reliability, validity, and small error. The results indicated that radiograph and
smartphone application measurements could be used as criteria of validity in angle
measurements. It supported the legitimacy of high-quality previous studies that used
radiograph measurements as a criterion for validity.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to confirm the correlation between racket
velocity during the forehand smash movements with shoulder extensor strength and internal
rotator strength in the neutral and abducted positions. [Subjects and Methods] Fourteen
collegiate badminton players participated in the study. Measurements were performed
shoulder strength, using torque calculated from the upper extremity length and the
isometric force, and racket velocity during the forehand smash movements. The shoulder
extensor strength and internal rotator strength were measured in the neutral and abducted
positions. [Results] The extension torque and internal rotation torque of the shoulder in
the neutral position were not significantly correlated with racket velocity. Additionally,
correlations between extension torque of the shoulder in the maximum abducted position and
racket velocity were insignificant. However, the internal rotation torque of the shoulder
in the abducted external rotated position was significantly correlated with racket
velocity (r=0.652). [Conclusion] The shoulder internal rotator strength in the abducted
external rotated position are suitable measurements for evaluating badminton players.
[Purpose] Although a correlation has been reported between shoulder strength and maximum
swimming power during arm-only swimming, the correlation between shoulder strength and
maximum swimming power during front crawl swimming remains unclear. This study aimed to
confirm the validity of a clinical assessment method for shoulder strength related to
front crawl swimming power. [Participants and Methods] Study participants included 9
healthy male collegiate swimmers. Shoulder strength, including extension and internal
rotation torque and swimming power, were measured. [Results] Maximum swimming power was
significantly correlated with extension torque in the position of maximum shoulder
abduction on the dominant side (r=0.844). No significant correlations were observed
between the swimming velocity-to-swimming power ratio and the rate of bilateral
differences in extension torque in the position of maximum shoulder abduction.
[Conclusion] The extensor strength in the position of maximum shoulder abduction was
significantly correlated with the maximum swimming power, suggesting that this assessment
method is useful for front crawl swimmers. Notably, measurements on the dominant side may
provide useful data that are essential in training to improve front crawl swimming
propulsion.
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