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Background Throughout the world, intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) are a frequently used, reversible, popular contraceptive method. They are usually placed without major complications. Uterine perforation is a rarely observed complication. Migration of the IUD to the pelvic/abdominal cavity or adjacent structures can occur after perforation. We present 3 cases of uterine perforation, possibly due to scarred myometrium associated with a cesarean delivery. We describe 3 perforations with IUDs lodged in the bladder serosa, the posterior cul-de-sac, and tissue adjacent to the cardinal ligament and external iliac artery. Cases  Case  1.  26-year-old, Gravid 4, Para 2113, nonpregnant female with a history of a cesarean delivery underwent placement of an IUD one year after an elective pregnancy termination, presenting with abdominal pain requesting removal of the IUD. On speculum, although the IUD strings were visualized, the IUD could not be removed. Sonogram imaging identified an empty endometrial cavity with the IUD in posterior cul-de-sac. The IUD was removed via laparoscopy. Case  2 34-year-old Gravida 5, Para 4004, at 27 weeks and 3 days gestation, female with history of two previous cesarean deliveries underwent a third cesarean after spontaneous rupture of membranes with comorbid chorioamnionitis. Reproductive history was significant for placement of an IUD that had not been removed or imaged during obstetrical sonograms. The clinical evaluation revealed that the IUD had been spontaneously expelled. On the fifth operative day, the patient is febrile with CT demonstrating the IUD penetrating the anterior surface of bladder. On cystoscopy the bladder mucosa was intact. The IUD was removed via laparotomy with repair of the bladder, serosa, and muscular layer. Case  3 26-year-old, Gravid 4, P3013, nonpregnant female with three previous Cesarean deliveries had an IUD in place. However, with the IUD in situ, the patient conceived and had a spontaneous abortion. After the spontaneous abortion, she presented to clinic to have the IUD removed due to pain that was present since placement. Although the IUD strings were visualized, attempts to remove it were unsuccessful. Imaging identified the IUD outside the uterine cavity. Palpation with a blunt probe laparoscopically revealed a hard object within the adhesion band, close to the cardinal ligament. As per radiology evaluation, IUD was embedded 1cm from the external iliac artery on the right side outside the uterus in the adnexal region. A multidisciplinary procedure with gynecologic-oncologist was scheduled for removal due to the high risk of perioperative bleeding. Conclusion Patients in whom uterine perforation and IUD migration are suspected should have appropriate evaluation that includes transvaginal or transabdominal ultrasound or radiographs to confirm the position of the IUD, regardless of whether they are asymptomatic or present with symptoms. It is particularly important in the presence of a scarred uterus that imaging is used to identify the location of ...

A prospective case-series in an academic hospital clinic was performed to determine whether there is a relationship between polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and ethnicity. Also, serum inhibin A concentrations were compared between PCOS and normal-ovulatory women. The possibility of a correlation between inhibin A, androgens and insulin resistance in PCOS women was evaluated. Serum inhibin A concentrations were measured in anovulatory PCOS patients (n=32) and in control women of reproductive age (n=16). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Serum concentrations of inhibin A, follicle-stimulating hormone, LH, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, fasting glucose, insulin, testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) were measured. Inhibin A concentrations were significantly lower (4.5+/-4.8 pg/ml) when compared with the control group (13.2+/-14.4 pg/ml; P=0.003) and were not significantly different between Hispanic and Caucasian women diagnosed with PCOS. There was no correlation between inhibin A concentrations and insulin, testosterone, free testosterone, 17-OHP, or DHEAS concentrations. In PCOS women, inhibin A concentrations are similar between Hispanic and Caucasian women; however, women with PCOS, regardless of ethnicity, have a lower inhibin A concentration compared with normal-ovulatory women. No correlation was observed between inhibin A androgens and insulin resistance in women diagnosed with PCOS.

Background: Pregnancy oversight and the childbirth process have been modernized with advances in medicine, which have diverged from the natural birthing process. Today many more women are opting for elective caesarean delivery (CD) to reduce the mental, physical, and painful burden of giving birth. In response to patient requests, cesarean delivery birthing procedures are now being performed around the world. In March 2017, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported 32.0% of pregnancies were delivered via cesarean delivery in the U.S. Recently; there has been a focus on evaluating the use of infiltrative anesthesia during cesarean delivery. Previously infiltrative anesthesia was only considered for use in rare sittings and high-risk patients, in which general anesthesia was not readily available or contraindicated. This article focuses on the rare use of infiltrative anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Discussion:In cases of life threatening high-risk emergency, cesarean delivery is the standard treatment. In some emergency situations or when vaginal delivery is contraindicated, barriers exist towards administration of general or regional anesthesia. A review of the literature identifies historic reports of an alternative pain management, in such scenarios. Infiltrative anesthesia for cesarean delivery has been previously used in areas where health care funds, hospital resources, and staff are limited, typically in small hospitals and rural communities. Conclusion:Cesarean delivery under infiltrative anesthesia may be seen as an antiquated method, but it is an important clinical option as it may still have some useful applications. Cesarean delivery under infiltrative anesthesia should be viewed as an alternative in specific situations and not simply a procedure of historic interest.

Background: During the first trimester of pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy is the leading cause of maternal mortality. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancies require that health care providers maintain vigilance. Providing a variety of surgical and medical treatments at night can be challenging to the on call team in a teaching hospital. We present four cases of ectopic pregnancies managed over a 15 hour period by the night on call gynecology team.Cases: Case 1, 26-year-old women diagnosed with a ruptured ectopic pregnancy that required emergent laparotomy and blood transfusion. In Case 2, 27-year-old women underwent dilation, curettage and minimal invasive surgery of operative laparoscopy for ruptured ectopic pregnancy. In Case 3, a 24-year-old woman with unruptured ectopic pregnancy was treated with methotrexate. In Case 4, 35 year-old women underwent minimal invasive operative laparoscopy for unruptured ectopic pregnancy. Conclusion: Despite technological advances in early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancywith the use of transvaginal sonogram and serial β-HCG titers, patients still present to the emergency department with ruptured ectopic pregnancy necessitating acute surgical interventions. This is especially prevalent in inner city hospital catchment area where patients often wait until development of severe symptoms before presenting for medical care. Therefore, diagnosis of ectopic pregnancies warrens a high index of suspicion and treatment plans that are individualized, particularly to area of services with attention to patient compliance.