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Of the induced cytokines in eyes with BRVO, IL-8 was the most significantly associated with the disease parameters of BRVO. IL-12 is most likely a factor that blocks the effect of bevacizumab treatment. (www.umin.ac.jp/ctr number, UMIN000003854.).

In order to enhance the adhesion strength of copper metal lm to a polyimide (PI) lm substrate, a method combining surface microroughness formation and imide ring cleavage was investigated. The results showed that imide rings were cleaved with a KOH treatment while carboxyl and amide groups were formed on the surface of the PI lm. The surface micro-roughness did not change with the KOH treatment, and the adhesion strength of the copper metal lm to the PI lm was slightly improved to 30 g/ mm, which could be attributed to the interaction of both carboxyl and amide groups with the copper atoms. When the PI lms were successively treated with an alkaline permanganate and a KOH solution, many recesses were formed on the surface in an alkaline Z. Wang et al.permanganate solution, and the size and depth of the recesses increased with alkaline permanganate treatment time. The results of the AFM measurements showed that the average roughness .R/ increased from 3.54 to 10.23 nm after combined treatment with alkaline permanganate and KOH solutions. The adhesion strength of the copper metal lm to the PI lm reached 150 g/ mm, which was ve times greater than that achieved with the KOH treatment only.

Deposition processes of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) thin films were observed by informative and low-cost in situ monitoring means; the pyrometer technique, and the spectroscopic light-scattering (SLS) technique. Intensities of thermal radiation and scattered white light were profiled from outside the vacuum chamber during growth, using a monochromatic pyrometer and a small CCD spectrometer. The deposition process was studied by systematic variations of major process parameters of CIGS, such as the substrate temperature, Ga concentration and Se supply. Various film properties, including the deposition speed, thickness, compositional ratios, surface roughness and precipitation of Cu-rich phases have been monitored in situ.

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