The
structures of K or Cs alkaline-treated Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGSSe) solar cells are developed, and their carrier recombination
rates are scrutinized. It is determined that short-circuit current
density (J
SC) is enhanced (decreased optical
loss), when ZnS(O,OH), (Cd,Zn)S, and Zn0.8Mg0.2O buffers with a large band gap energy (E
g) are applied as a replacement of CdS buffer. The J
SC is further increased, reducing the optical loss more,
when Zn0.9Mg0.1O:B is used as the transparent
conductive oxide (TCO) with a larger E
g and lower free carrier absorption than those of ZnO:Al. Furthermore,
all carrier recombination rates throughout the devices with K or Cs
treatment, especially at the buffer/absorber interface and in the
quasi neutral region, are reduced, thereby reducing open-circuit voltage
deficit (V
OC,def), well consistent with
the simulated ones. The carrier recombination rate at the buffer/absorber
interface is further decreased, when the CdS and (Cd,Zn)S buffers,
deposited by chemical bath deposition, are applied, leading to the
greater reduction of the V
OC,def and the
high conversion efficiency (η) of about 21%. Under the trade-off
between V
OC,def and optical loss, the
highest η of 22.6% is attained with the lowest power loss (or
the highest V
OC × J
SC) in the Cs-treated Cd-free CIGSSe solar cell with an
optimized structure of glass/Mo/CIGSSe/Zn0.8Mg0.2O/Zn0.9Mg0.1O:B, fabricated by the all-dry
process, where the Zn0.8Mg0.2O buffer is prepared
by the sputtering method. This occurs because the J
SC is the highest attributable to the larger E
g of Zn0.8Mg0.2O buffer than those
of the CdS and (Cd,Zn)S.