The functionalized calixarene derivatives exhibit remarkable properties towards organic and bioorganic molecules. However, the ability of calixarene derivatives to form stable complexes with biomolecules allows them to be applied for the development of biosensors and in the field of biology, biotechnology, and drug discovery. The applications of the functionalized calixarenes are summarized in this review, and an outlook for the future developments is discussed. A brief survey (of the last 10 years) on their biological application in various fields is also considered (199 references).
Here we contrast the stability of monomeric and photopolymerized self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing a diacetylene group (HS(CH 2 ) 10 CtCCtC(CH 2 ) 10 COOH) with SAMs prepared from simple n-alkanethiols. The polymerized SAMs are extremely durable compared to either the n-alkanethiol SAMs or the unpolymerized diacetylenic SAMs. For example, they are stable to repeated electrochemical cycling to extreme potentials, thermal excursions to 200°C, and exposure to hot base (1:1 mixture of ethanol and 1.0 M aqueous KOH at 100°C). All of these conditions completely strip n-alkanethiol SAMs from Au substrates. These high-performance materials are suitable for applications in lubrication, adhesion, corrosion passivation, and chemical sensing.
We have developed a highly sensitive microarray protein chip, ProteoChip, coated with ProLinker, novel calixcrown derivatives with a bifunctional coupling property that permits efficient immobilization of capture proteins on solid matrixes and makes high-throughput analysis of protein-protein interactions possible. The analysis of quartz crystal microbalance showed that both monoclonal antibody (mAb) and antigen (Ag) bound to the gold film of the sensor surface coated with ProLinker B and that it is useful for studies of Ab-Ag interactions. ProteoChip, aminated glass slide coated with ProLinker A, was also demonstrated to be useful for preparation of high-density array spots by using a microarrayer and for analysis of analyte Ags either by direct or sandwich methods of fluorescence immunoassay. The detection sensitivity of ProteoChip was as low as 1-10 femtogram/mL of analyte protein, useful for detection of tumor markers. ProteoChip was also useful for studies of direct protein-protein interactions as demonstrated by analysis of integrin-extracellular matrix protein interaction. These experimental results suggest that ProteoChip is a powerful tool for development of chip-based lead screening microarrays to monitor protein-protein interactions (i.e. drug target) as well as for biomarker assays which require high detection sensitivity.
Biomarkers play a vital role in disease detection and treatment follow-up. It is important to note that diseases in the early stage are typically treated with the greatest probability of success. However, due to various technical difficulties in current technologies for the detection of biomarkers, the potential of biomarkers is not explored completely. Therefore, the developments of technologies, which can enable the accurate detection of prostate cancer at an early stage with simple, experimental protocols are highly inevitable. This critical review evaluates the current methods and technologies used in the detection of biomarkers. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review covering the advantages and disadvantages of the biomarker detection methods. Future directions for the development of technologies to achieve highly selective and sensitive detection of biomarkers for point-of-care applications are also commented on.
We used Fourier transform infrared external reflectance
spectroscopy (FTIR-ERS), nanogravimetry
based on thickness-shear-mode resonators (TSMRs), and X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to study
self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of three mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA)
isomers on Au and their interactions
with vapor-phase decylamine. FTIR-ERS spectra of the 4-, 3-, and
2-MBA SAMs indicate that the proximity
of the carboxylic acid group to the Au substrate surface affects the
electronic environment of the benzene
ring and the acidity of the carboxyl-group proton. TSMR results
show that reaction of 4-, 3-, and 2-MBA
monolayers with vapor-phase decylamine probe molecules results in
decylamine fractional surface coverages
of 0.97, 0.83, and 0.45 of the theoretical monolayer maximum,
respectively. The gravimetric results are
corroborated by in-
situ FTIR-ERS difference
spectra of the MBA monolayers obtained during reaction
with
decylamine, which show the simultaneous disappearance of carbonyl and
hydroxyl bands and appearance
of carboxylate and aliphatic hydrocarbon bands. XPS results show
that increasing the proximity of the
carboxyl group to the surface results in a relative increase in the
proportion of carboxyl-group oxygen that
is in the 531.0 eV electron binding energy state compared to the 532.5
eV state, indicating a change of
chemical environment for oxygen. The overall results are
consistent with a model involving proton transfer
from the SAM to the vapor-phase bases wherein acid strength depends on
the accessibility of the donor
group, and they demonstrate a clear structure/reactivity correlation
for surface-confined isomers, which
illustrates the dramatic constraints imposed by surface-induced
ordering compared to anisotropic bulk-phase reactivity.
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