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Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with anemia in children younger than five years old enrolled in public daycare centers in a city in southwestern Bahia, in the northeast of Brazil.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that included a sample of 677 children enrolled in public daycare centers in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. A portable hemoglobinometer was used to measure hemoglobin. The concentration of <11 g/dL was considered the cutoff point for a diagnosis of anemia. A questionnaire was applied to parents/guardians in order to collect socioeconomic data, maternal characteristics and information on the child’s health and nutrition. Height and weight were measured to assess the child’s nutritional status. Poisson regression with robust variance and hierarchical selection of variables was used to identify factors associated with anemia. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 10.2% and was more frequent in children whose homes had no sanitary facilities (PR 3.36; 95%CI 1.40-8.03); in those who did not exclusively breastfeed (PR 1.80; 95%CI 1.12-2.91); in children aged less than 36 months (PR 1.85; 95%CI 1.19-2.89) and those who had low height for age (PR 2.06; 95%CI 1.10-3.85).Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia is considered to be a mild public health problem in the children, who are enrolled in daycare centers. Children with inadequate sanitary conditions, and that were not exclusively breastfed, as well as younger children and children with a nutritional deficit, were more likely to present the condition.

Objective: to analyze prevalence and factors associated with maternal breastfeeding in the first hour of life (MBFFHL) in full-term live births in Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil. Methods: this was a cohort-nested cross-sectional study; data were collected between February and August 2017 using a questionnaire answered by mothers as well as medical records; hierarchical multivariable analysis with Poisson regression was used. Results: the study included 388 mother-liveborn baby pairs; MBFFHL prevalence was 49.5%; outcome was associated with maternal education ≥12 years (PR=0.63-95%CI 0.46;0.87), prenatal guidance on child holding and positioning (PR=1.44-95%CI 1.07;1.95), liveborn baby taken to its mother soon after delivery (PR=1.41-95%CI 1.04;1.92), mother and baby kept together in the same room (PR=2.42-95%CI 1.09;5.36), and delivery at a Baby-Friendly Hospital (PR=2.43-95%CI 1.72;3.43). Conclusion: MBFFHL was associated with maternal factors, prenatal care and hospital care.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether age group, complications or comorbidities are associated with the length of hospitalization of women undergoing cesarean section. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out between June 2012 and July 2017, with 64,437 women undergoing cesarean section and who did not acquire conditions during their hospital stay. Hospital discharge data were collected from national health institutions, using the Diagnosis-Related Groups system (DRG Brasil). The DRG referring to cesarean section with additional complications or comorbidities (DRG 765) and cesarean section without complications or associated comorbidities (DRG 766) were included in the initial diagnosis. The influence of age group and comorbidities or complications present at admission on the length of hospital stay was assessed based on the means of the analysis of variance. The size of the effect was verified by Cohen’s D, which allows evaluating clinical relevance. The criticality levels were identified using the Duncan test. RESULTS: The longest length of hospital stay was observed in the age group from 15 to 17 years old and among those aged 45 years old or more. The hospital stay of women with complications or comorbidities at the time of admission was also longer. Moreover, it was noted that the increase in criticality level was associated with an increase in the mean length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: The length of hospital stay of women is higher among those belonging to the age group ranging from 15 to 17 years old and for those aged 45 years old or more. The presence of associated comorbidities, such as eclampsia, pre-existing hypertensive disorder with superimposed proteinuria and gestational hypertension (induced by pregnancy) with significant proteinuria increase the length of hospital stay. This study enabled the construction of distinct criticality level profiles based on the combination of age groups and the main comorbidities, which were directly related to the length of hospital stay.

Objectives (OR: 2.59; IC95%: 1.11; 6.01); being singletons (OR: 3.32; IC95%: 1.44; 7.67); and exclusive breastfeeding of less than 4 months (OR: 2.59; IC95%: 1.12; 5.99

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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar as associações entre as variáveis ambientais e a obesidade em população adulta de um município brasileiro de médio porte. Trata-se de estudo transversal com dados individuais de estudo de base populacional e dados ambientais obtidos por meio de observação direta, posteriormente georreferenciados com base nos endereços. A amostra incluiu 965 adultos de 20 a 59 anos. Utilizaram-se dados antropométricos, socioeconômicos, demográficos, comportamentais e de percepção de saúde. A variável desfecho foi a obesidade, definida por índice de massa corporal (IMC) ≥ 30kg/m2. Os estabelecimentos de venda de alimentos foram classificados em: supermercados, estabelecimentos com predominância de alimentos saudáveis, não saudáveis e mistos. O ambiente para a prática de atividade física foi categorizado em público e privado. Para a caracterização do ambiente social utilizou-se a renda per capita do setor censitário em terços e taxa de criminalidade. Realizou-se análise de regressão logística binária pelo modelo de equações de estimativa generalizadas. Foi verificada associação inversa entre a densidade dos locais públicos e privados para a prática de atividade física e obesidade (OR = 0,95, IC95%: 0,92-0,99; OR = 0,98, IC95%: 0,97-0,99), em modelos ajustados por variáveis individuais e ambientais. Em todos os modelos o terço de renda per capita mais alto associou-se inversamente à obesidade (p ≤ 0,05). O ambiente alimentar e as taxas de criminalidade não foram independentemente associados à obesidade. Tais achados sugerem que a renda do setor censitário e o ambiente de atividade física podem direcionar políticas públicas para a diminuição da obesidade no município.

Objective: To examine the association between urban food environment and regular consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV) by older adults from a medium-sized Brazilian city. Design: Cross-sectional study based on data related to (1) objective assessment of establishments with predominant sale of unprocessed/minimally processed foods, mixed establishments and establishments with predominant sale of ultra-processed foods; (2) regular consumption of FV (≥ 5 times/week), health and socio-demographic variables of community-dwelling older adults. Tertiles of proximity between food establishments and older adults’ residence were calculated. Poisson generalised estimating equations with robust variance, adjusted for individual and contextual variables, were used to estimate the independent association between the proximity of establishments and regular consumption of FV. Setting: Medium-sized Brazilian city. Subjects: Representative sample of community-dwelling older adults (n 549). Results: Older adults travelled the longest distances to establishments with predominant sale of unprocessed/minimally processed foods. The longer the distance to establishments with predominant sale of unprocessed/minimally processed foods, the lower the prevalence of regular consumption of FV (tertile 2: prevalence ratio (PR) = 0·86; 95 % CI = 0·74, 0·99; tertile 3: PR = 0·84; 95 % CI = 0·72, 0·97). Older adults living larger distance tertiles from establishments with predominant sale of ultra-processed foods, mixed establishments or all categories of establishments had 16 % (PR = 0·84; 95 % CI = 0·73, 0·96), 19 % (PR = 0·81; 95 % CI = 0·71, 0·93) and 19 % (PR = 0·81; 95 % CI = 0·70, 0·94) lower prevalence of regular consumption of FV, respectively. Conclusion: The food environment is associated with regular consumption of FV among older adults. Longer distances from the residence of older adults to food establishments are independently associated with lower prevalence of regular consumption of FV.