This study examines the waterway, road and lot systems sustained even after the destruction of Cheongju Castle in the early 20th century in Seongan-dong, Cheongju, a historical city in the inland of South Korea. Seongan-dong, where Cheongju Castle is located, has a ship-like form with the waterway system of Musimcheon Stream that flows backwards. The main current and tributary of Gyoseocheon Stream that flowed in and out of the town castle had served as a drain, and is currently serving as a street network after being covered at the end of the century. As for the road system, there is a rounded-square street network that shows traces of the destroyed town fortress, an orthogonal street network centered on Seongan-gil that connects the south gate to the north gate of the fortress, and dendritic type alleys in the residential district outside the south gate where the tributary of Gyoseocheon Stream had flowed. For the lot system, large-scale lots for government office, guesthouse and barracks at the center of the town castle are now a government office building and park. Large-scale and small-scale lots are subdivided around Seongan-gil and Nammungil, where commercial activities took place, but more than 90% of the division lines of the original lot still remain. As such, 3 important factors that set the direction for the urban landscape of Cheongju include: (1) the restorable waterway system that is still sustained even after 100 years of the modern period, (2) the orderly road system stretched north and south, and (3) the lot system that determines certain sizes and forms of buildings.
This study aims to clarify the formation and transformation of Japanese migrant fishing village colonies in Korea. The subjects for this study include the port settlements of Jangseungpo and Guryongpo in Korea. The findings from this study can be summarized as follows. The spatial form of Japanese migrant fishing village colonies was basically formed on the road system based on lanes perpendicular to coastal roads parallel with coastal curve lines in a type of round bay. This road system became the foundation to form the pattern of lots into a trapezoidal shape for the inside of a house. The existing Japanese style houses can be divided into those that functioned exclusively as residences and those as shop houses. They were constructed with their inner space based on a module of 3.6m (12 Korean Cheok). Features resulting from enlarging or rebuilding by Koreans after their liberation can be divided into three categories such as the expansion of a residential space to the back of a site, change of an existing store to residential use, and the integration and segmentation of individual rooms. Especially, the integration and segmentation of rooms can be said to represent the most important element related to the transformation of the life of Koreans with their different lifestyles. In addition, the segmentation of rooms is thought to be a characteristic of the remodeling of tatami rooms as the living space in a Japanese style house into Ondol rooms as the lifestyle for Koreans.
The purpose of this study is to clarify the spatial structure and its transitional process by focusing on 22 existing old settlements established before 1913 in downtown Cheongju, Korea. The results are as follows: First, the old settlements are classified into four types relating to their topographic features: the Sanrok and Gogae Types are located on hills and the Daegok and Sogok Types are located in valleys. Second, in traditional Korean villages, a road system is composed of outer roads, approach roads, inner roads, and side roads having different functions. An inner road among them is the most important element in spatial structure as the basic framework of the road system inside villages. Third, the preservation or division of settlements has been influenced by the transformation of inner roads during the urbanization process. When spatial structures of inner roads have been maintained, old settlements have tended to be preserved. In addition, when new roads have been built to pass near communal spaces, old settlements have been preserved in spite of the lack of connection to old inner roads. Fourth, the functions of communal spaces have been influenced by the changing of society over time. Some functions have been changed, lost, or have suffered reduction in importance due to changes in modern lifestyles, but the personality of communal space is lasting. Finally, when the characteristics of the old settlement and functions of old roads have been preserved, housing layout has had a tendency to follow the original orientation, courtyard location, gate location, and access route as can be seen in Topdong Yangdalmal.
This paper, which aims to identify the structure and fabric of buildings using the brick structure during modern times in Korea, focuses on connection details at foundation, each floor and roof as the most important structure components in the exterior wall through 21 architectural technical books and investigating 44 existing brick structures in the early 20th century. As a result of findings the following details could be identified. The most important concerns in the exterior wall at ground level include the formation of the foundation and bearing wall to resist lateral earth pressure in case of basements, and the installation of dampproof courses to block damp from the ground. Other than floor frames with traditional wood girders in the exterior walls adjacent to the floor, concrete slabs with steel girders and reinforced concrete slabs have been introduced. Roof sections interlocking with exterior walls can be divided into three types, those with projecting eaves, those interlocking with the exterior wall, and those hidden behind the parapet. Unlike the eaves in traditional wood structures, the types of roof interlocking with the exterior wall for brick structures have appeared most in religious buildings. Other than these buildings, the advent of parapets to completely hide the eave line foresaw new types of buildings.
This study examines the advances that reinforced concrete structures have gone through from the introduction of concrete to Korea in the early 20th century to the development of composite action between reinforcement and cement. At the earliest stage, concrete was used exclusively for foundations and ground floors and was later used as the floor system in multiple story construction with steel beams and corrugated steel plates. As an example of this progression, in the Chosen Hotel which was completed in 1914, steel bars were used for the reinforcing materials in the concrete floors and steel beams were covered with concrete for fire-proofing. This led to the use of prefabricated Kahn type reinforced concrete girders in the construction of the Chosen Government-General in 1918. In the late 1920's, the introduction of stirrups and bent-up reinforcement using the Hennebique method in construction enabled the integration of columns, floors and girders into a composite action structure. For instance, at this time, the application of this method was adopted in public buildings including the main office building of the train station and government buildings in Gyeongseong.
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