We classified the dark circles according to the causes of the dark circles and verified the reliability of the parameter obtained by the instrument conformity assessment used in this study through the efficacy evaluation. Also based on this study, we were to suggest newly established methods which can be applied to the evaluation of efficacy of functional cosmetics for dark circles.
This is a study on identifying three indicators to evaluate the following senses of physical oppression and of openness in urban spaces-configuration factors, solid angles, and space quantity. These senses of physical oppression and openness were evaluated by students of architecture for images of 3DCG modeling streets in the Sangenjaya area of Tokyo�s Setagaya ward. Heights of special buildings on 3DCG modeling images are changed and fixed images toward the special buildings and moving images showing the whole a street were evaluated. The images were analyzed using the relationship between the three indicators and the senses of physical oppression and of openness influenced by changes of buildings� height. The results show that first, three indicators show high correlation for evaluating those senses of physical oppression and of openness for both fixed and moving images. Second, as the spaces evaluated expand from part to whole, the correlation of solid angle are higher than the correlation of configuration factor and the result shows that solid angles connotes the concept of space quantity. Therefore, the solid angle is suggested as the most reasonable indicator for evaluating the senses of physical oppression and of openness in urban spaces.
This study aims to propose an indicator for evaluating senses of physical oppression in urban space. Possible senses of oppression were evaluated from the perspectives of viewing a single building, viewing groups of buildings, and with the entire streetscape in view. The physical evaluations aim to cover these three architectural situations. The results are as follows. First, the configuration factor, having been used hitherto as an indicator corresponding to senses of physical oppression, is found to have a high correlation; however, it is weaker than the correlation to the solid angle. Second, among the physical indicators being suggested for the evaluating indicator, the correlations of the three indicators, ��{solid angle × distance}�, ��{ solid angle × distance 2 }�, ��{solid angle × distance 3 }�, are high. In this study, ��{solid angle × distance 3 }� is suggested because it is a reasonable indicator for determining the capacity of openness in a city from the viewpoint of its spatial form. Third, it is suggested that solid angle is substituted as ��{solid angle × distance 3 }� which this study proposes. Finally, in order to calculate the evaluating indicator, the subjective distance to the sky is normally about 500m, which is consistent with other studies, but further research on this distance is necessary.
The purpose of this study is to clarify the spatial structure and its transitional process by focusing on 22 existing old settlements established before 1913 in downtown Cheongju, Korea. The results are as follows: First, the old settlements are classified into four types relating to their topographic features: the Sanrok and Gogae Types are located on hills and the Daegok and Sogok Types are located in valleys. Second, in traditional Korean villages, a road system is composed of outer roads, approach roads, inner roads, and side roads having different functions. An inner road among them is the most important element in spatial structure as the basic framework of the road system inside villages. Third, the preservation or division of settlements has been influenced by the transformation of inner roads during the urbanization process. When spatial structures of inner roads have been maintained, old settlements have tended to be preserved. In addition, when new roads have been built to pass near communal spaces, old settlements have been preserved in spite of the lack of connection to old inner roads. Fourth, the functions of communal spaces have been influenced by the changing of society over time. Some functions have been changed, lost, or have suffered reduction in importance due to changes in modern lifestyles, but the personality of communal space is lasting. Finally, when the characteristics of the old settlement and functions of old roads have been preserved, housing layout has had a tendency to follow the original orientation, courtyard location, gate location, and access route as can be seen in Topdong Yangdalmal.
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