Soybean as one of agricultural commodity plays an important role in the Indonesian' economy. The role intertwined in the food crops demand, consumption, trade, and the farmers' income. Technical as well as economical aspects are faced by the Indonesian government to promote local or domestic soybean, especially when it has to compete with the imported soybean. Presently, soybean farming system is financially profitable, taking the advantage of the Indonesian protection policy. Economically, soybean-farming system is inefficient due to inefficiency in using the domestic resources to meet the domestic demand and export promotion. This study concluded that several strategic policies that have to be taken by Indonesian' government to increase the competitiveness of local or domestic soybean are: (1) to promote suitable region specifically for soybean, (2) to increase soybean yield or productivity through introducing the high yield varieties adapted to the region, efficiency on the on-farm management, (3) import tax to protect domestic soybean, (4) to introduce the new post harvest technology (to minimize harvest losses) and other non-price policy.Keyword: soybean development, comparative advantage, productivity and efficiency, development perspective. ABSTRAKKomoditas kedelai memegang peranan panting dalam ekonomi rumah tangga petani, konsumsi pangan, kebutuhan dan perdagangan pangan nasional. Pengembangan komoditas ini dihadapkan pada permasalahan teknis, sosial-ekonomi, dan defisit perdagangan dan daya saing dengan kedelai impor. Usahatani kedelai menguntungkan secara finansial karena didukung oleh kebijaksanaan protektif. Komoditas kedelai secara ekonomi dinilai kurang efisien dalam Fternanfaatan sumber daya domestik untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri dan lebih-lebih lagi untuk tujuan promosi ekspor. Kebijaksanaan strategis yang perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan daya saing kedelai nasional adalah pemilihan wilayah pengembangan yang sesuai, peningkatan produlctivitas melalui penciptaan varietas dengan adaptasi dan potensi hasil yang lebih tinggi serta perbaikan manajemen usahatani, kebijaksanaan tarif impor yang memadai untuk mendorong adopsi teknologi dan peningkatan produksi. Disamping peningkatan produktivitas dan efisiensi, perlu terus diupayakan peningkatan stabilitas hasil, penekanan senjang hasil, kehilangan hasil saat panen dan pengolahan, serta kebijaksanaan nonharga Iainnya.Kata kunci: pengembangan kedelai, keunggulan komparatif, produktivitas dan efisiensi, perspektif pengembangan. 1985). Dengan demikian ketersediaan kedelai yang tinggi di dalam negeri akan dapat meningkatkan gizi masyarakat melalui konsumsi kedelai biji dan terutama produk kedelai olahan seperti tahu, tempe, kecap, dan tauco. Kebutuhan kedelai terus meningkat pesat sejalan dengan pertumbuhan industri pakan temak, dimana bungkil kedelai merupakan komponen utama setelah jagung, karena kandungan proteinnya yang tinggi. PENDAHULUAN
ABSTRAKPelaksanaan kebijakan subsidi pupuk telah diterapkan secara komprehensif mulai dari tahap perencanaan, pengaturan harga eceran tertinggi, jumlah subsidi dan sistem distribusi pupuk. Namun, kebijakan tersebut belum mampu menjamin ketersediaan pupuk yang memadai di tingkat petani. Perencanaan jumlah kebutuhan pupuk tidak sepenuhnya akurat, dan pengawasan belum optimal yang menyebabkan distribusi pupuk bersubsidi tidak memenuhi target. Petani yang mengelola lahan kurang dari 0,5 hektar hanya menerima 40 persen dari total subsidi dan sebagian besar petani (90%) membeli pupuk bersubsidi dengan harga lebih tinggi dari harga eceran tertinggi. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, pemerintah merencanakan merubah mekanisme distribusi subsidi dari subsidi tidak langsung menjadi subsidi langsung kepada petani/kelompok tani. Dampak yang diharapkan dari kebijakan tersebut adalah: (1) manfaat dari subsidi pupuk diterima langsung oleh petani, (2) menghindari disparitas antara harga pupuk bersubsidi dan nonsubsidi, (3) mengurangi kemungkinan kelangkaan pasokan pupuk bersubsidi, (4) memperbaiki teknik budidaya, khususnya pada pemupukan tanaman pangan, (5) meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan subsidi pemerintah, dan (6) meningkatkan pendapatan dan kesejahteraan petani. Kata kunci: kebijakan pupuk, subsidi langsung, dan dampak kebijakan ABSTRACTThe implementation of fertilizer subsidy policies have been applied comprehensively starting from the planning stage to fertilizer distribution system, including setting the highest retail price and the amount of subsidy. However, the policy has not been able to ensure adequate availability of fertilizers at the farm level. Planning on the amount of fertilizer demand is not fully accurate and supervision has not optimally implemented causing the distribution of subsidized fertilizer below the target. It is reported that farmers who manage less than 0.5 hectares of land received only 40 percent of the total subsidy and most farmers (90%) purchase subsidized fertilizer at prices higher than the highest retail prices. To overcome this problem, the government plan to change the distribution mechanism of subsidy from indirect subsidy to direct subsidy to farmers/ farmer groups. The expected impacts of that policy are: (1) farmers obtain direct benefits from fertilizer subsidies, (2) avoid disparity between the prices of subsidized and nonsubsidized fertilizers at the market, (3) reduce the possibility of scarcity of subsidized fertilizer supply, (4) improve cultural practices, especially in crops fertilizing, (5) increase the efficiency of using government subsidies, and (6) increase farmers income and welfare.
External shock, such as drought, affects agricultural performance. Farmers should be resilient to external shock such that they keep producining or reducing risks amid climate uncertainty. This study was conducted in East Java and West Nusa Tenggara in 2016. Objectives of the study were: (a) to get data and information on drought affecting agricultural sector, especially, food crops and horticulture; (b) to estimate rice and chili farmers' resilience to drought; and (c) to assess government policy performance and impacts related measures dealing with drought. The measurement method is the resilient index modified from the vulnerability index. In 2015 drought took place in most provinces in Indonesia and affected food yield ranging from lower yield to dried-up. Chili farmers' resilience were better off than that of rice farmers in delaing with drought. The government tried to deal with drought through some effective actions, such as early warning to farmers, irrigation water allocation, Climate Field School, and water pump aid. Anticpatory and responsive measures are necessary such that drought impacts could be minimized. ABSTRAKGangguan eksternal seperti kekeringan sangat mempengaruhi kinerja sektor pertanian. Petani harus mempunyai daya tahan menghadapi gangguan eksternal agar tetap mampu berproduksi atau mengurangi risiko ditengah ketidakpastian iklim. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Jawa Timur dan Nusa Tenggara Barat pada tahun 2016. Tujuan penelitian adalah: (a) memperoleh data dan informasi tentang fenomena kekeringan sebagai salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi sektor pertanian, khususnya pangan dan hortikultura; (b) mengukur daya tahan petani padi dan cabai terhadap dampak kekeringan; dan (c) mengetahui berbagai kinerja dan dampak kebijakan pemerintah dalam mengatasi kekeringan. Metode pengukuran dengan indeks daya tahan yang dimodifikasi dari vulnerability index. Pada tahun 2015 kekeringan melanda berbagai daerah di Indonesia menyebabkan hasil panen berkurang hingga puso. Daya tahan petani cabai umumnya lebih baik dari petani padi dalam menghadapi kekeringan. Pemerintah telah berusaha menanggulangi kekeringan antara lain dengan peringatan dini kepada petani, alokasi air irigasi, Sekolah Lapang Iklim, maupun bantuan pompa air. Tindakan antisipatif dan responsif perlu dilakukan agar dampak kekeringan dapat diminimalkan. PENDAHULUANKinerja sektor pertanian dan pangan sangat rawan terhadap gangguan (shocks) faktor-faktor eksternal. Gangguan tersebut meliputi banjir dan kekeringan, maupun krisis ekonomi dan finansial, serta konflik sosial-politik. Sebagian dari gangguan tersebut intensitasnya semakin tinggi dan frekuensinya semakin sering. Berbagai gangguan tersebut berdampak pada kehilangan atau kerusakan aset produktif, infrastruktur, produksi pertanian dan pangan, pendapatan rumah tangga serta status pangan dan gizi (Briguglio 2014, Hallegate et al. 2016. Penduduk miskin, petani kecil, wanita dan anak-anak adalah kelompok masyarakat yang paling rentan serta mengalami dampak paling serius. Rumusan kebijakan sekto...
Erosion and pollution in the Citarum River have reached a very worrying stage. To overcome this problem, the government has launched the Citarum Harum program. One of the policies synergistic with the Citarum Harum program is the application of soil and water conservation principles in farming seasonal crops in the upper Citarum watershed (UCW). Historically, policies and programs for developing pro-conservation farming in this area have been carried out for at least three decades but have not been effective. Increasing the effectiveness of policies requires the existence of suitable instruments. Therefore, it is necessary to have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the attitudes and behavior of farmers in applying soil and water conservation. This study aims to identify the factors influencing farmers’ probabilities and participation in applying soil and water conservation techniques. A double-hurdle approach is used to identify determinants of farmers’ participation and intensity in applying conservation practices. The data were collected from samples of 244 farm households’ growing seasonal crops out of 499 farm households sample in the Bandung and West Bandung Districts. The results show that the determinants of farmer participation and intensity in the application of conservation lie in the ability to finance, land tenure and utilization, and the physical condition of the land. The level of education only affects participation opportunities, even if the increment is significant. In the future, conservation priorities must be more directed at a vegetative approach through developing synergistic perennial crops with particular efforts to convert vegetables on the sloping lands to perennial crops.
<p><strong>English<br /></strong>The role of regional government on agricultural development management will be very important by the implementation of UU No.22/1999 and UU No.25/1999. On the spirit of autonomy, the local government is still needed to consider and accommodate some of national agricultural development strategy such as considering agricultural on transforming economic structure, enhancing sustainable food security, agribusiness and agropolytan development adapted for the benefit of regional development as well as the welfare of the local people. In this case, AIAT played an important role through focusing on resource based agricultural development supporting by location specific technology in order to have higher financial and economic efficiency. During the transision period, technical, management, and financial support from central government are necessary, especially for the region having budget constraint and limited capacity of human resource development. For the perspective of autonomy, AIAT or Agency for Regional Research and Development (Balitbangda) have to strenghten participative research planning program and its implementation through empowering interregional research coordination, human resource development, and condusive insentive system.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian<br /></strong>Implementasi UU No.22/1999 dan UU No.25/1999 memberikan implikasi strstegis mengenai peran daerah dalam menejemen pembangunan termasuk di dalamnya pembangunan pertanian. Dalam semangat otonomi daerah, pemerintah setempat perlu tetap mengacu dan mengakomondasi beberapa strategi pembangunan pertanian nasional seperti transformasi struktur ekonomi berbasis pertanian, peningkatan ketahanan pangan berkelanjutan, pengembangan agribisnis dan ekonomi kerakyatan, dan pengembangan agropolitan yang diadaptasikan bagi pembangunan daerah dan kesejahteraan masyarakat setempat. Balai pengkajian Teknologi pertanian (BPTP) memegang peranan penting melalui pengembangan komoditas unggulan lokal yang didukung teknologi spesifik lokasi dan sesuai dengan potensi sumber daya dan keunggulan komparatif wilayah. Dalam masa transisi ini, dukungan bimbingan teknis, menejemen, dan pendanaan dari pusat masih tetap di perlukan, khususnya bagi daerah yang terbatas kemampuan sumber daya manusia (SDM) dan keuangannya. Dalam perspektif otonomi daerah, BPTP/Balitbangda perlu memperkuat perencanaan dan pelaksanaan seluruh program penelitian/pengkajian partisipatif, dengan penguatan koordinasi penelitian antar wilayah, pengembangan SDM dan sistem insentif yang handal.</p>
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