SignificanceDecades of research have fostered the now-prevalent assumption that noncrop habitat facilitates better pest suppression by providing shelter and food resources to the predators and parasitoids of crop pests. Based on our analysis of the largest pest-control database of its kind, noncrop habitat surrounding farm fields does affect multiple dimensions of pest control, but the actual responses of pests and enemies are highly variable across geographies and cropping systems. Because noncrop habitat often does not enhance biological control, more information about local farming contexts is needed before habitat conservation can be recommended as a viable pest-suppression strategy. Consequently, when pest control does not benefit from noncrop vegetation, farms will need to be carefully comanaged for competing conservation and production objectives.

Seventy-four patients were treated with a radical or a nonradical pancreatectomy for ductal cell carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Their survival rates and the selection of the operative procedure were evaluated. In 32 patients, a radical pancreatectomy was attempted where there was sufficient clearance of regional or juxta-regional lymph nodes beyond the group of suspected metastatic nodes, as well as a resection of a greater margin of soft tissue around the pancreas. These patients' cumulative 5-year survival rate was 33.4%. In 14 Stage I or Stage 11 patients, the cumulative 5-year survival rate was 46.4%. In 18 Stage 111 or Stage IV patients, the cumulative 5-year survival rate was 20.7%. For 42 patients treated with a nonradical pancreatectomy with the dissection of lymph nodes adjacent to the pancreas or of regional lymph nodes but with insufficient clearance of the soft tissue around the pancreas, the cumulative 2-year and 3-year survival rates were 5.4% and 0%, respectively. In seven patients with Stage I1 carcinoma, the survival rate was 16.7% after 2 years and 0% after three years. In 35 Stage I11 or Stage IV patients, the survival rate was 3.2% after 2 years and 0% after 3 years. Thus, the survival rates were significantly higher in patients treated with radical operation than in patients who had nonradical operation. These results indicate that a radical pancreatectomy with sufficient lymph node clearance with the surrounding connective tissue around the pancreas is indispensable to cure patients with ductal cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Cancer 64:1132-1137. 1989. ESPITE the development of new diagnostic aids such D as ultrasonography, computerized tomography, en-doscopic retrograde pancreatocholangiography, and an-giography, the prognosis for patients with pancreatic car-cinoma, particularly pancreatic ductal cell carcinoma, is poor because of the tumor's low resectability and a limited postoperative survival time when compared with other gastrointestinal malignant neoplasms. In most cases, tumors extend to the outer margin of the pancreas and infiltrate the pancreatic capsule and adjacent vessels. ',* Even if these lesions appear to be resected in the course of pan-createctomy, they are often overlooked since invisible microscopic lesions may be left behind. Therefore, the primary lesion should be removed with as much surrounding, apparently noncancerous tissues as is feasible, including an en bloc removal of the regional From the First

Camellia japonica is considered to be pollinated by birds, but to date no studies have clarified the contribution of birds to the seed production and reproductive success of this species. We conducted a pollinator exclusion experiment that showed that fruit set was sixfold greater in flowers visited by birds than in flowers without bird visitation. Field observations revealed that most of the visitations made by birds were of the species Zosterops japonica . Furthermore, the level of fruit set was found to be saturated after only five visitations by Z. japonica . These results demonstrate that Z. japonica is the most effective pollinator of C. japonica . Such a strong relationship between a plant and an omnivorous bird pollinator has rarely been reported in a temperate zone.

Habitat edges are considered to have an important role in determining the abundance of deer in forest landscapes, but to our knowledge there are few lines of evidence indicating that forest edge enhances the vital rate of deer. We examined pregnancy of female sika deer in Boso peninsula, central Japan, and explored how forest edges, food availability in forests, and local population density influence the pregnancy rate of sika deer. Local deer density was estimated by the number of fecal pellets, and food availability in forests was estimated by combining GIS data of vegetation distribution and the relationship between vegetation biomass and local deer density. Forest edge length was also determined by GIS data. Model selection was performed with multiple logistic regression analyses using the AIC to find the best model for accounting for the observed variation in pregnancy rates of the deer. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the length of forest edge had a positive effect on the pregnancy rate of females, whereas food availability in forests and local deer density had little effect. This forest edge effect was detected in a 100-200-m radius from deer captured locations, indicating that deer pregnancy is primarily determined by habitat quality within a 10-ha area. This result was confirmed by tracking females with GPS telemetry, which found that the core areas of the home range were less than 12 ha. The positive effect of edges and the lack of density dependence could be a result of high plant productivity in open environments that produces forages not depleted by high deer densities. Our results support the view that land management is the cause of the current problem of deer overabundance.

Miyashita, T., Takada, M. and Shimazaki, A. 2003. Experimental evidence that aboveground predators are sustained by underground detritivores. -Oikos 103: 31-36.Detrital infusion into grazing food web is considered to be important in terrestrial communities, but there is hardly any experimental evidence showing that generalist predators aboveground are sustained by belowground detritivores. We established two types of experimental plots in the forest floor, one with sheets on the ground to prevent the emergence of belowground arthropods and the other without sheet, to test the hypotheses that 1) reduced input of detrital arthropods decreases the abundance and species richness of web spiders (major generalist predators in terrestrial ecosystems) and 2) lower number of spiders increases the abundance of herbivorous arthropods. We found that spiders were less abundant in plots where the emergence of detrital arthropods was reduced, while the abundance of herbivores did not significantly increase in these plots. These results provide empirical evidence that organisms moving from underground to aboveground may be important for the maintenance of aboveground predators, although the cascading effect of predator abundance on the grazing food chain was not detected in the present study.