Habitat edges are considered to have an important role in determining the abundance of deer in forest landscapes, but to our knowledge there are few lines of evidence indicating that forest edge enhances the vital rate of deer. We examined pregnancy of female sika deer in Boso peninsula, central Japan, and explored how forest edges, food availability in forests, and local population density influence the pregnancy rate of sika deer. Local deer density was estimated by the number of fecal pellets, and food availability in forests was estimated by combining GIS data of vegetation distribution and the relationship between vegetation biomass and local deer density. Forest edge length was also determined by GIS data. Model selection was performed with multiple logistic regression analyses using the AIC to find the best model for accounting for the observed variation in pregnancy rates of the deer. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the length of forest edge had a positive effect on the pregnancy rate of females, whereas food availability in forests and local deer density had little effect. This forest edge effect was detected in a 100-200-m radius from deer captured locations, indicating that deer pregnancy is primarily determined by habitat quality within a 10-ha area. This result was confirmed by tracking females with GPS telemetry, which found that the core areas of the home range were less than 12 ha. The positive effect of edges and the lack of density dependence could be a result of high plant productivity in open environments that produces forages not depleted by high deer densities. Our results support the view that land management is the cause of the current problem of deer overabundance.
In this paper we propose a distributed system LSI design environment where both LSI designers and CAD tool developers/engineering can collaboratively work for higher performance designs. What we propose is a framework where not only design issues but also CAD tool related problems can be simultaneously taken care of by both designers and CAD engineers. Traditional design tools and flows are assuming to use CAD tools which have been fully developed and cannot be modified or enhanced when designing LSI chips. In order to use the most advanced LSI technology, however, it is essential to use the most advanced CAD tools which may not be fully debugged and tuned yet. This means that CAD tools must be enhanced when designing a new advanced LSI chip. Also we briefly discuss about implementation issues of the proposal on top of Croquet type distributed environments by showing a debugging process of hardware logic designs. We define consistency conditions on the use of CAD tools for the target LSI design flows including interface issues among various CAD tools used in the design flow and analyze them with a method similar to model checking type approaches used in formal analysis. We define virtual shared screens for both LSI designers and CAD developers/engineers collaboration and monitors activities on them, which will be the base of our model checking type analysis. We examine various issues including interface checking among CAD tools, interface checking among design blocks, and tool performance enhancement/design modifications.
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