Among the most important parts of improving breeding Ukrainian Red Dairy breed is not the most important place belongs to the intensive use of bull-sires with high breeding value, which is determined by the capacity daughters. Materials and methods of research. Studies conducted on materials zotehnichnoho primary accounting and breeding breeding farm "Zarya" Kherson region for the period 2010-2012. The object of the research was the daughter of the Ukrainian Red dairy bulls, Holstein (red and white suit), Angler and Red Steppe breeds. Studied cows milk production estimated by yields for the full complete (minimum of 240 days) lactation, content and output of milk fat and protein for 305 days and at higher daily milk yield. Results. The study revealed a significant level of intergroup differentiation and specificity for milk production, reproductive ability, soundings and indices of body structure cows daughters of different bulls. Specifically found that the highest milk yield inherent daughters bull V.Din Et Reda 5661918, which is almost twice prevailed worst analogues daughters Radar 4439 respectively 2484 kg of milk, 93.0 kg of milk fat and milk protein 66.9 kg. The highest daily yield characteristic daughters H.Ch.Herri 5839897, and the lowest - for daughters Radar 4439. The difference in this case was 9.4 kg of milk. Inter-group differentiation on fat and protein in milk is low and under 0.12 and 0.22% by live weight - 14 kg. The difference between the grounds daughters play different bulls more clearly expressed and 232 days is the age of first calving for the daughters Zenit 1113 and at a rate of 0.201 reproductive capacity for daughters H.Ch.Herri 5839897. It should be noted that although the daughters Zenit 1113 and were the youngest among firstborn both had the lowest rate of reproductive capacity after the first calving. Research has found that the highest measurements of height at withers and depth of chest inherent daughters bull Sharpe 9713, prevailing daughters Zenit 1113 respectively by 5.8 and 2.9 cm. For indirect soundings chest width body length and chest girth advantage daughter had Grybka 696, and the largest width in maklakah typical for daughters of Napoleon 1647. Inter-differentiation daughters by different bulls metacarpus circumference small and is just 0.4 cm, due what difference the index kostystosti as insignificant and is only 1%. Conclusions. Found significant levels of intergroup differentiation and specificity studied groups of cows his father napivsester the main qualitative and quantitative characteristics of milk productivity, exterior, reproductive capacity and live weight.
A significant level of intergroup differentiation and specificity of cows with different proportions of conditional blood by Holstein breed on the basis of milk productivity was revealed. There is a tendency of some increase in milk yield of cows with an increase in their conditional blood content by Holstein breed over 50% and above and a decrease in milk fat content by 0.16%. Our research has established quite significant recurrence rates for the considered signs of milk productivity at the highest degrees of probability, which indicates the possibility of effective selection of cows on the basis of milk productivity for the first lactation. Age-related recurrence of signs of milking between the first and higher lactation is higher than the same in terms of fat content in milk. At the same time, there is a clear trend of a gradual increase in the coefficients of recurrence of both quantitative and qualitative composition of the milk of cows of the herd with an increase in their conditional blood content by Holstein breed. The only exceptions are low-blooded animals (up to 50%). One-factor analysis of variance revealed a very insignificant and unreliable effect of heredity by Holstein breed on the hopes of cows for both the first and higher lactation. The influence of conditional blood by Holstein breed on the variability of fat content in milk is slightly higher (11–15%) at the highest levels of reliability. Correlation analysis of signs of milk yield and fat content in milk for both the first and higher lactation revealed mostly low values of correlation coefficients with a predominantly low degree of reliability. There was some increase in the correlation and change of its direction from negative to positive in high-blooded Holstein animals. Significant variability of coefficients of phenotypic consolidation of cows of different conditional bloodlines by Holstein breed on the main signs of milk productivity is noted. There is a tendency to reduce the coefficients of phenotypic consolidation of signs of milk productivity, in addition to the fat content in milk, with an increase in conditional blood in Holstein breed to 75% and above and in low-blooded animals (up to 50%).
Ukrainian population of red dairy cattle is genetically active, its gene pool is significantly improved in each of the next generations, mainly due to artificial selection. Currently breeding structure of Ukrainian Red Dairy breed has the prospect of future expansion due to creating Podolian zonal type. Features of its formation are to use as the original breed, which being improved, Red Polish cattle. This breed, as Red Steppe cattle, was listed as a breed to preserve the gene pool under pure breeding. However, gene pool preservation of these breeds is impossible through lack of sufficient number of purebred bulls or their semen at breeding enterprises in Ukraine. The aim of our research was to study genesis and development prospects of red dairy cattle in Ukraine. Materials and methods of research. The materials of the research were the data of identifying breed composition of cattle in Ukraine by January 1, 2015, State Breeding List for 2005, 2010 and 2015, the electronic information database of leading breeding farms for 2007 and 2011 and database of bulls admitted to using during 2005, 2010 and 2015 of Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics named after M.V. Zubets of NAAS. Results. Currently the group of cows of red breeds is about 365 thousand head, including 97.9 thousand head concentrated in agricultural enterprises. The largest share of this group takes the Red Steppe cattle (84.5%), the smallest one –Ayrshire and Angler breeds (0.7-0.8%). In Ukraine, the total number of Ukrainian Red Dairy cattle is about 40 thousand head, including 21.4 thousand head of cattle concentrated in agricultural enterprises. The results of these annual reports have shown that the average milk yield of the group of cows of red breeds was 3328 kg of milk in 2001. Then milk yield increased with each subsequent studied period and reached the highest figure of 4681 kg in 2014. So, increasing milk yield of cows was by 1353 kg of milk or 29% during fourteen years (2001-2014). The number of breeding animals of Red Steppe, Red Polish, Ayrshire, and Ukrainian Red Dairy breeds significantly decreased in the controlled part of population during the past fourteen years. However, level of milk production and quality increased slightly, except for Red Polish breed. Thus, 4688 cows of Ukrainian Red Dairy breed had milk yield in 5981 kg and milk fat content in 3.88% according to the appraisal of 2014, whereas, in 2013, 4902 cows had milk yield in 5837 kg with milk fat content in 3.86%. Up to 90% of the realized genetic progress in large-scale breeding is provided by using proven bulls, resulting most current need is to restore the national system of selection and testing of sires. The results show that during the past ten years, the number of proven bulls, admitted to using within the red breeds decreased almost seven times with a simultaneous increase 2.2 times in breeding value. Among 410 proven bulls, admitted to using in 2005 (bulls which being tested by progeny), unreasonably disproportionate share was for Holstein sires – 245 (59.8%), whereas, the share of bulls of the red breeds – 13.7%. In 2010, 123 bulls (65.4%) were of Holstein breed and only 9 ones (4.8%) – of Ukrainian Red Dairy among 188 bulls, admitted to using. In 2014, a similar situation was observed; there were 93 bulls, admitted to using, including 48 ones (51.6%) of Holstein and only 3 ones (3.2%) of Ukrainian Red Dairy breed. Given the current state of livestock breeding base on all the red breeds (Red Steppe, Ukrainian Red Dairy, Angler, Red Polish) we developed possible options of parameters of large-scale breeding. During the planning period the number of the controlled cows of the red breeds (mainly Ukrainian Red Dairy cattle) should be significantly increased. Calculations show that in the first stage of the program available number of cows in breeding farms, even if 30% of cows allocated to mating with laid-off bulls, is less than a third of the minimum at pressure of selection among laid-off bulls 1: 4 by productivity of 50 daughters. At the end of the program it is planned to increase the pressure of selection among laid-off bulls to 1:5 under increase of the controlled livestock number to 43700 cows (nearly 4.4 times against currently available one) Conclusion. Our results showed that, the number of breeding farms, in which were bred red cattle, significantly declined and the livestock number also decreased whereas milk production increased during 2001-2015. The high level of genetic potential of Ukrainian Red Dairy cows indicates the presence of highest-yielding cows with yield more than 10 000 kg of milk. At the same time, such animals at breeding farms for breeding Red Polish, Steppe, Ayrshire and Angler cattle weren’t found. During the past ten years, the number of proven bulls of red breeds, admitted to using, decreased almost seven times with a simultaneous increase of breeding value in 2.2 times. Predominance of Holstein bulls remains indisputable on reliability of assessment of breeding value. It causes the biggest request and the widest offer on the market of semen from bulls of the breed. The actual destruction of domestic system of sires breeding caused significantly lower rate of repeatability of breeding values in bulls of the red breeds. This is a concern and threatens possible loss or significant restriction of the gene pool of red breeds.
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