The state of development of dairy cattle breeding in Ukraine for the period of 2011–2016 was analyzed. The trends of livestock changes, volumes of milk production depending on regions, forms of organization, breeder's membership, breeding and breeding work, influence of genetic and paratyphoid factors on indicators of development of the industry are determined. An analysis of the location of dairy cattle, its concentration, organizational forms of milk production shows significant differences between regions, both in terms of the number of dairy herds and milk production volumes. The largest concentration of cows' livestock in agricultural enterprises is observed in the northern and central regions, in particular, Poltava, Cherkassy, Sumy, Chernihiv, Khmelnytsky oblast. Large agricultural enterprises are more cost-effective than small ones, but the last ones during 2010–2016 still prevailed in the total number of agricultural enterprises - more than 50%. The number of cows of diary and diary-meat breeds decreased almost twice (from 5431 thousand in 2000 to 2736,5 thousand in 2010), and in agricultural enterprises and farms – in four times (correspondingly from 2475 to 604.6 thousand goals). Despite the simultaneous growth of 71.6% of the average cow supply (from 2359 kg – 2000 to 4049 kg – 2009), gross milk production, after some growth until 2005, in 2009 decreased by 13.5% comparing to 2001. The same trend in the dynamics of livestock population continued in the next five years. The number of cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White diary breed as of 01.01.2016 in the control herds decreased to 68181 or 11217 heads, Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy – by 8677 and Ukrainian Red diary – by 4110 heads. At this, gross milk production increased from 2216,6 tons in 2010 to 2705,6 tons in 2016. It should be emphasized that the increase in milk production occurred only in agricultural enterprises due to the growth of productivity of cows from 3975 kg in 2010 to 5643 kg in 2016, that is almost twice. An analysis of the structure of milk production in agricultural enterprises shows the gradual increase in production volumes by large farms, which is a positive trend in terms of milk quality, economic efficiency of its production, and their development as more investment attractive. An important factor in the growth of milk production is the breeding stock of cows. Over the past 5 years, the total number of breeding cows has decreased from 153.6 thousand heads to 128.2 thousand, that is on 12 per cent. The reduction in the number of cows applies to all breeds, but most of it occurred in Red dairy breeds (16.3%). The milk yield of the cows of breeding herds of new domestic breeds grew in all breeds and made up 6613 kg of milk in Ukrainian Black-and-White diary breed with a fat content of 3.70%, protein 3.27%, Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeding, respectively 6357; 3.76; 3.26; Red diary – 5963; 3.87 and 3.29. An equally important problem in the development of dairy cattle breeding in Ukraine is the low level of reproduction of animals against the background of reducing the number of livestock and increasing its productivity. This is confirmed by the low yield of calves in farms of different categories. So for 2016, according to statistics, he was 70 calves per 100 cows. One of the factor that reduces the calving out is the natural biological antagonism of milk yield and reproductive capacity of the cows. Growth in milk yield of cows in breeding flocks with an increase in the heredity of the Holstein breed led to a decrease in the yield of calves per 100 cows to 68.7 heads (in 2010). The duration of productive use has the opposite tendency - in newly created domestic breeds it extends to 3–4 lactations, in Holstein – up to 1.8–2.0 lactation. The level of heifer cultivation is a major paratypic factor affecting the formation of their productive features. The intensity of breeding heifers and heifers does not fully meet the requirements of the standard domestic breeds for their live weight. From 2019, 33498 heifers in only 45.7% – 71.5% of heads, average live weight in 6 months corresponded to the breed standard, in 12 months – 61.1–82.1 and 18 months old – 63.1–73,9%. In a number of even breeding farms, the average daily gain of heifers at 6–12 months of age, during the formation of the organism, is 550–625 g. As a rule, in such farms they do not reach a high level of milk productivity. The ways and methods of reforming dairy cattle for the period up to 2025 should be formed on such bases: - in organizational terms, focusing on the expansion of milk production in large farms, which is positive in terms of the use of modern intensive technologies, the economic efficiency of its production, the attractiveness of investment; - the revival of the national selection system, which corresponds to the best examples of its organization in European countries; - domestic dairy breeds must be established as the basis of domestic dairy cattle breeding, which correspond to the conditions of their breeding and quality of products according to a set of features; - amendments to the Procedure for using the funds provided for in the state budget, directing them to implementation of the breeding program in livestock, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Execution of the proposed measures will allow to achieve the volumes of production of milk and dairy products provided by the Program.
Introduction. Most of the breeds of cattle in Ukraine, especially those created in recent years, have been intensively studied for economically useful features depending on the influence of various factors on them, which facilitates their improvement. At the same time, information on this breed of cattle in Ukraine is limited. To expand information about Ayrshire cattle in Ukraine, we considered it appropriate to analyze the state of Ayrshire breed in breeding herds, determine the origin of animals, determine the productivity of cows depending on milk production technology, lineage, lactation and its duration, and year of birth. Materials and methods of research. The general condition of Ayrshire cattle in Ukraine and its genealogical structure was determined according to statistical reports and reports on cattle evaluation results of the SE "Experimental Farm named after Dekabrystiv of Institute of Pig Breeding and Аgro-industrial production of NAAS" (Poltava region) and farm "Mezhyrichchya" (Lviv region) for 2020. Monitoring of milk productivity of Ayrshire cows in SE "Experimental Farm named after Dekabrystiv of Institute of Pig Breeding and Аgro-industrial production of NAAS" depending on the year of birth, milk production technology, lineage and lactation was made using the database of the dairy management system ("Buryonka") as of 01.01.2021. To determine the influence of genealogical formation on the yield of cows of different lactations were divided into 5 groups depending on the linear affiliation. Dairy productivity of cows, depending on the year of birth, was studied by forming 8 groups (2010–2017). To determine the effect of age of cows in calving on the duration of lactation and milk productivity of animals were divided into 8 groups depending on the ordinal number of lactation. Processing of experimental data was carried out by methods of mathematical statistics by means of the software package "Statistics 10.0". Research results. At the beginning of 2021 in the breeding breeder of SE "State Enterprise "Experimental Farm named after Dekabrystiv of the Institute of Pig Breeding and Аgro-industrial production of NAAS" kept 892 heads of Ayrshire cattle, including 543 cows, and in the breeding breeder FG" Mezhyrichchya "(Lviv region) – 70 heads, including 30 cows. Cattle of these herds differ significantly in both origin and productivity. Yes, in the farm nd. a. Dekabrystiv average yield of cows in 2020 was 7396 kg, and for the first lactation – 7239 kg, in the farm "Mezhyrichchia"– 4042 and 3790 kg, respectively. In the farm "Mezhyrichchia" cows and heifers are the daughters of bulls of the lines Redad’s 711620016, Chif’s 14273381 and Romulius’s 929189864, ie, along with purebred breeding of Ayrshire cattle, crossbreeding with Holstein and Simmental breeds is used. The modern genealogical structure of the Ayrshire breed in SE "EF nd. a. Dekabrystiv of Institute of Pig Breeding and Аgro-industrial production of NAAS" formed from the descendants of the breeders of B. I. Milkmen’s 693744, T. Bruno’s 93907, V. V. Pardner’s 811799, K. Kelli’s 40347, Reim’s 23597, Torpan’s 83882, as well as bulls united in genealogical formation. There are almost no descendants of Finnish bulls left in the herd, which were used in the early stages of the Ukrainian Ayrshire population. It was established that in the herd of the experimental farm there are 156 descendants of the bull Oblikiu 843 of the Torpan’s line 83882, 151 heads – the bull K. Desaph’s 105115743, 112 heads – the bull L. Dzhumper’s 105650307 line T. Bruno’s 93907 and 128 heads – K. Radar’s 107737811. The number of cows and heifers, daughters of other bulls, is not so large (4–90 heads). Cows of existing genealogical formations produced 7239 kg of milk in 305 days of the first lactation. It was found that with the advanced technology of milk production the average yield in the herd was 7174 kg, which is 745 kg more milk than with the traditional technology, and the advantage of milking for 305 days of the first lactation was 1057 kg. Yield and fat milk yield of Ayrshire cows in SE "EF nd. a. Dekabrystiv of Institute of Pig Breeding and Аgro-industrial production of NAAS" for I–III lactations depended on the year of birth, but did not tend to increase in dynamics. The yield of the first-born cows born during 2011–2017 varied between 5688–6924 kg, 6336–7751 kg for the second lactation and 6784–9904 kg for the third, respectively. The highest yield for the first and second lactations – 6924 and 7751 kg (respectively) were found in cows born in 2017, and the fat content in the milk of first-born and second lactation – 3.91 and 3.95%, respectively, in cows born in 2015. The yield of cows of different linear affiliation for 305 days of I – III lactation were analyzed and it was found that the daughter offspring of the studied lines were characterized by different ability to produce milk with age. Cows of genealogical line T. Bruno’s 93907 and K. Kelly’s 40347 increased yield depending on the ordinal number of lactation, V. V. Pardner’s 811799 and Reim’s 23597 – decreased for the second lactation and significantly increased for the third, and B. I. Milkmen’s 693744 – increased for the second lactation and reduced the third. Based on this, it was concluded that the herd cows are heterogeneous in milk productivity with increasing age in lactation, which is most likely due to the physiological characteristics of females. During the first lactation, among the representatives of 5 genealogical formations, the most milk was produced by the daughter descendants of bulls of the K. Kelly’s genealogical line 40347 – 7193 kg, and Reim’s 23597 – 7152 kg. According to the second lactation, the cows of the K. Kelly’s line 40347 had the highest productivity, from which 7694 kg of milk was obtained, which is 444 – 1086 kg more than the representatives of other studied lines. The yield of the third lactation cows varied at the level of 6913–7519 kg at the highest rate among the daughters of bulls of the Reim’s line 23597. Yield during the II–VIII lactation 457–1731 kg more milk was obtained, compared to the first one without a clear tendency to increase it with increasing age of cows in calves. The cows were found to have steadily increased their yield until the fifth lactation with subsequent fluctuations. At the same time, their milk yield was not consistent with the duration of lactation. Thus, in 442.4 days of the seventh lactation, 7539 kg were obtained from cows, and in 389.8 days of the fifth lactation - 7364 kg. At the same time, for 429.5 days of the second lactation 7160 kg of milk was obtained, and for 396.3 days of the third – 7556 kg, ie the difference was 396 kg compared to the latter, although lactation of cows after the third calving lasted 33.2 days less. Similarly for other lactations. The correlation coefficient between the duration of lactation and milk yield for 305 days was: I lactation -0.487; II – (-0.047); III – (+0.318); IV – (-0.515); V – (-0.319); VI – (+0.726); VII – (+0.726); VIII – (+0.856), indicating both weak and strong correlations. Conclusions. The current livestock of Ayrshire cattle in Ukraine is concentrated in two breeding herds, which differ significantly in productivity and genealogical structure. In the dynamics of 2002–2020, the milk productivity of cows of the experimental farm increased 2.2–3.6 times, which is consistent with a number of selection and technological factors. The advanced technology of milk production, compared to the traditional one, helped to increase the average milk yield per herd by 745 kg. During the first lactation, the largest amount of milk was produced by the daughter descendants of bulls of the K. Kelly’s genealogical line 40347 – 7193 kg, and Reim’s 23597 – 7152 kg. Cows of genealogical lines T. Bruno 93907, B. I. Milkmen’s 693744, V. V. Pardner’s 811799, K. Kelly’s 40347 and Reim’s 23597 were characterized by different ability to increase milk productivity with age, which should be taken into account when forming a highly productive herd.
The authors has demonstrated the global nature of the problem of domesticated animal gene pool preservation caused by intensive using some transboundary breeds and reduction in the number of aborigen and local ones. Ignoring this problem leads to loss of biodiversity, the restoration of which with traditional methods of breeding work is not possible. The main aim of the article to highlight the key milestones of forming of the theory and methodology of farm animal gene pool preservation, contribute of Ukrainian scientists to the development of the some specific approaches. The prerequisite of the development and the role of the Bank of farm animal genetic resources of IABG named M.V.Zubets of NAAS in the system of biodiversity preservation were highlighted. As its prototype we considered the Republican Sperm Repository of Central Experimental Station of Artificial Insemination (Brovary). The article shows that solving of problem of farm animal gene pool preservation should be based on a combination of the whole complex of factors: theoretical and methodical, organizational, economic and technological. In the last decades Ukrainian scientists have developed organizational foundations of farm animal gene pool preservation; its basic principle is breed adaptation to the certain climatic zones. They have introduced the seven main organizational forms of the domesticated animal preservation including gene pool population, gene pool herd, relicted animal farm, collections’ nursery, farm of gene pool reserve, gene pool reproductor, bank of animal gene pool resources and other banks. They have initiated the development of the concept of creation and placement gene pool objects, its main link is bank of animal gene pool resources. The article shown that twelve research institutes of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine carry out scientific program "Preservation of animal’s gene poll". The Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics named M.V.Zubets of NAAS is main institution that coordinates its activities. Bank of Animal Gene Pool Resources of institute has been recognized as a national treasure in 1986. Since 2009 Ukraine is a member of the European Regional Focal Point for Animal Genetic Resources at FAO. The authors state that IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS has developed a methodology for integrated assessment, management and long-term storage of gene pool resources. The scientists of the institute have introduced methods of genetic and population monitoring of the gene pool herds and systems of regulation and optimization of the number of the gene pool populations through a combination of biotechnological and genetic technologies of cryopreservation of sperm, embryos, oocytes, primary germ cells and DNA, directed selection and creation of virtual cryopreserved gene pool herds. They have identified categories of the gene pool objects for storage and optimal size of deposit, developed requirements for genetic material of each gene pool object of the different species of farm animals, as well as standards of main parameters of the gene pool micropopulations for the some species. The contribution of scientists of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS in the development of the conceptual foundations of preservation of animal genetic resources as a cultural and intellectual heritage of the nation was concretized. The authors used the special historical and scientific methods of research.
The purpose of the article is to highlight the main organizational stages of establishment and creative searches of the zootechnical department of the Kiev Regional Agricultural Experimental Station, as well as the research units created on its basis as the forerunners of the formation of the scientific potential of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics named after M.V.Zubets of NAAS. Research methods – general scientific (analysis, synthesis, classification), special historical (problem-chronological, comparative-historical), source study. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the generalization of the creative achievements of the scientists of the zootechnical department, which have found wide practical application in the field of animal husbandry in the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR. It is shown that their efforts have developed regional systems and methods of selection and breeding work based on the use of methods of intrabreeding selection and substantiated the effectiveness of interbreeding as an effective way of farm animal pedigree improvement. The chemical composition and nutritional value of forages from the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of the Ukrainian SSR have determined, and methods for increasing its productive action have proposed. The fodder base of animal husbandry based on the introduction of a green conveyor and technologies for ensiling fodder crops has intensified. Norms and rations for feeding and fattening different types and age groups of farm animals have developed. It is proved that the scientists of the zootechnical department and its successors made a significant contribution to the development of the methodological foundations of zootechnical science, which affected the development of effective methods for assessing the breeding value of animals, the method of simplified grading of livestock, the method of introductory crossing of breeds, ways of directed breeding of animals and stimulation of the development of the nutritional function and metabolism of young animals, methods of increasing the efficiency of feed, methods for determining the fat content in milk and wool, etc.
The purpose of the article is to highlight the major life milestones and creative path of the recognized scientist in the field of animal husbandry, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Academician of NAAS M. V. Zubets. Research methods are general scientific (analysis, synthesis, classification), special historical (problematic-chronological, comparative-historical), biographical and source studies. The contribution of the scientist to the development of theoretical and methodological principles of breeding, selection, and biotechnology of reproduction of farm animals is substantiated. The important role of M. V. Zubets in the organization of domestic agricultural research work, in particular, in the formation of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics of the NAAS was proven. The scientific heritage of the scientist is systematized, the priority of his research on the formation of a systematic concept of the breed, linear breeding, development of genetic, biotechnological, and technological bases of selection in animal husbandry, the actualization of the problem of conservation and rational use of biodiversity, etc. is substantiated. The contribution of M. V. Zubets to the formation of the modern theory and methodology of breeding in dairy and beef cattle breeding, the breeding of specialized breeds, and types of cattle is revealed. It is shown that among his scientist's methodological developments, the most significant is the method of creating the Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed, which is the basis for the development of eight specialized domestic breeds of dairy and beef production directions. The program the scientific school activities and the achievements founded by M. V. Zubets were summarized.
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