The study was conducted on 325 cows of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy and Holstein breeds of the herd of the farm “Khristinovske”. These cows were descended from 28 bulls of 12 lines and related groups. A sufficiently high level of indicators of the duration and effectiveness of lifetime use of cows was established. The average life expectancy of the cows under control was 2750, economic use was 1711, and lactation was 1459 days. An average of 26221 kg of milk, 1097 kg of milk fat and 889 kg of protein were obtained from cows in lifetime (3.63 lactations). On average, 8.7 kg was milked per day of life from cows, on day of economic use – 14.6 kg, on day of lactation –17.2 kg. Received 657, 1030 and 122 g of milk fat and protein, respectively. On average, the coefficient of economic use rate was 58.5%, the lactation rate was 85.6%, and productive use was 49.9%. For most of the studied features of the duration and effectiveness of lifetime use, multidirectional and low interspecific differentiation were established. Holstein cows had the same cows of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breeds as expectancy of life, economic use, and lactation. Cows of the Holstein breed were dominated by cows of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy for milk fat and protein yield for one day of life, economic use, lactation and lactation rate. In animals of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed with increasing conditional bloodiness by Holstein, duration and effectiveness of lifetime use varied curvilinearly. For the most part, the cows group with 87.5% conditional bloodiness by Holstein had the advantage. A certain level of intergroup differentiation is established by the genetic factors of cows' lineage or related group and father parentage. For the most signes of duration and effectiveness of lifetime use are characterized by the better indicators animals of the P. F. A. Chief 1427381 related group and the genealogical line of R. Citation 267150, and by the worse indicators – P. Astronaut 1458744 line. In some cases, the intergroup difference reaches a significant level (up to P < 0.05). Of the half-sisters by parent groups, the daughters of Tumpi 112367468, Vize 660013269, and Roman 660886883 had the highest prevalence and effectiveness of lifetime use, and the worst were the descendants of Y. J. Gladiator 5840283 and Voron 3206. A dispersion analysis confirmed the genetic predisposition of the phenotypic variability of the studied traits of the duration and effectiveness of economic use of cows. On average, by all counted signs, linear membership determines 6.0% of the total phenotypic variability, and parentage from father – 12.1%. Therefore, when selecting the sires, their linear identity should be taken into account with the unconditional priority of the breeding value of the bulls according to the complex breeding index.

The influence of genotypic factors (breed, Holstein share heredity, line or related group, sire) on the longevity and lifetime production of dairy cows has been investigated. The study was carried out in a retrospective statistical experiment on the commercial dairy farm “Terezyne”, which located in Kyiv region. The formed matrix of observations in the sta format generally contained information about 5703 cows for 458 variables. Holstein cows were characterized by higher longevity (1489 ± 27.8 days) and higher lifetime milk production (21940 ± 500.9 kg), the lowest longevity and lifetime milk production had cows of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed. Holstein cows compared to animals of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed had in average more lactations (+0.57 ± 0.187) and higher number of total calves (+0.59 ± 0.244). They had an advantage in lifespan by 218 ± 80.1 days, productive lifespan – by 326 ± 82.0 days, total lactation length – by 282 ± 62.2 days. During the lifetime, they produced 4119 ± 1398.4 kg more milk and 549.3 ± 99.62 kg more milk fat and milk protein. Lifetime daily milk yield of Holstein cows was on average 2.6 ± 0.37 kg higher, lifetime daily milk fat and milk protein – 208 ± 26.7 g more compared to animals of the Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed. Cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed in most traits were intermediate between Holstein and Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed. While increasing Holstein share heredity the longevity and lifetime production of cows tended for curvilinear growing. Lifetime of Holstein cows (100%) in the herd was 0.16 ± 0.405 lactations and 325 ± 170.7 days (P < 0.1) longer compared to animals with Holstein share heredity less than 75%. Their lifetime milk production was 8969 ± 2351.6 kg (P < 0.001) higher, lifetime milk fat and milk protein production by 709.9 ± 164.73 kg (P < 0.001) higher, lifetime daily yield by 3.0 ± 0.62 kg (P < 0.001) and 250 ± 43.5 g (P < 0.001), respectively, higher. The cows of Starbuck 352790, Valiant 1650414 and Elevation 1491007 lines and daughter of V. Astronomer 2160438 and H. R. Artist 6284191 sires showed the best longevity and lifetime production. The advantage of cows of the related group of Starbuck 352790 in comparison to animals of other lines in total number of lactations was 0.28–1.29, number of total calves – 0.16–1.20, lifespan – 90–508 days, productive lifespan – 116–603 days, total lactation length – 98–500 days, lifetime milk production – 1402–12161 kg, lifetime milk fat and milk protein production – 115–892 kg. Daughters of bull V. Astronomer 2160438 characterized by 0.96–2.72 more total number of lactations than daughters of other bulls; they had 0.80–2.33 higher average number of total calves. In terms of lifespan, productive lifespan and total lactation length, daughters of this bull were predominated the daughters of other bulls by 392–1037, 297–1143 and 278–971 days, respectively. One-way analysis of variance showed that the greatest influence on longevity and lifetime production of dairy cows had a paternal inheritance, the lowest – breed, it means there is a tendency of increasing the influence of genotypic factors on the researched traits while reducing the level of selection group in the system hierarchy. The strength of breed influence (higher level of intraspecific selection system hierarchy) on the traits of longevity and lifetime production of cows ranged from 1.1 to 12.5%, Holstein share heredity – 3.9 to 19.5%, line or related group – 4.0–19.8% and paternal inheritance – 25.0–47.6%. Greater degree of influence of paternal inheritance is explained both by the lowest (basic) level of intrabreed system hierarchy (the closest level of intragroup kinship) and (partially) by a much higher number of gradations of the organized factor.

It is known that the intensity of the formation of repair heifers in some way correlates with the weight gain and their future milk productivity, but contradictory conclusions about the direction and strength of this correlation need to be further studied, this idea was chosen as an aim of our research. This study was conducted on breeding farm «Terezyne». Data included 861 animals of Holstein, Ukrainian black and white and red and white dairy breeds. The age dynamics of the body weight of repair heifers is estimated from birth to the age of 18 months at an interval of three months, the average daily gain is estimated in three months intervals (0–3, 3–6, 6–9, 9–12, 12–15, 15–18) and half-yearly intervals (0–6, 6–12, 12–18). Intensity of formation was evaluated according to Yu. K. Svechin (1979; 1985). It is established that the value of the index of formation depends on the duration and age of the comparable periods. The higher value of the index acquires in comparison of periods 0–6 and 12–18, 0–6 and 6–12, 0–3 and 9–12 months, the lowest – 6–9 and 9–12. Coefficients of variation for different variants of calculating the index of formation vary in the range from 6.7 to 46.2%, which determines the sufficient possibilities for selection. Growing of heifers was carried out at a rather high level. Their daily average gain decreased from 740 g (the first three months after birth) to 519 g (15–18 months). The firstborns had an advantage over the standard of Holstein breed in the milk yield, milk fat and milk protein by 53.7–60.1%, Ukrainian black and white dairy breed − 190–198.1%, Ukrainian red and white dairy breed − by 200.9–204.8%. Due to the correlation analysis, a statistically significant result of correlated variability was found in the most of the studied variants of the index of formation with a body weight of heifers at the age of 18 months, 305 days milk yield of firstborns and the calving interval between the first and second calving. When comparing of periods 0–3 and 3–6, 0–3 and 6–9, 0–3 and 9–12 and 6–12 and 12–18 months, the correlation coefficients have a higher level of statistical probabilities. When comparing of the second and third half-year periods of postnatal development these correlations have a reliable inverse direction. The inverse correlation between the intensity of formation of body weight and the milk yield of firstborn was noted. Emphasis should be placed on the decrease of the values of the correlation coefficients to the unreliable level in the case of comparing two periods either before or after the intensive maturing of heifers (0–3 and 3–6, 6–9 and 9–12, 6–12 and 12–18 months). The highest statistically significant inverse correlation with the milk yield of firstborns was defined in the cases of comparison of semi-annual periods at the age of 0–6 and 12–18 and 0–6 and 6–12 months and three-month periods − at the age of 3–6 and 9–12 and 0–3 and 9–12 months. There was not find correlation between the intensity of formation of heifers body weight and the calving interval between the first and second calving. Correlation coefficients were low (less than 5%), multidimensional and in all cases insignificant. In all studied variants, heifers with the fast formation of body weight had significantly higher average daily gain from birth to three and six months and it was lower in the age from nine to fifteen months. The revealed tendency has led to the maximum increasing of advantage of these animals over heifers of the same age with a slow formation of body weight at the age of three (by 1.6–11.4 kg or 1.5–11.6%) and six (by 9.8–17.5 kg or 5.9–9.8%) months with the next decrease of intergroup difference and its practical leveling to insignificant level at the age of 18 months. By milk yield, milk fat and milk protein of firstborns the significant advantage was marked for in animals with a slow decline in relative growth rate. The most significant this advantage was at the age of 3–6 and 9–12 months (respectively 402; 15.3 and 13.4 kg or 6.4; 6.5 and 6.5%), 0–6 and 12–18 months (381; 13.9 and 12.6 kg or 6.1; 5.9 and 6.1%) and 0–6 and 6–12 months (321; 12.1 and 10.4 kg or 5.1; 5.1 and 5.0%). Thus, taking into account the maximum correlation and the most effective advantage over milk productivity of firstborns, it has been found that the most effective is the selection of heifers with a slow formation of body weight at the ages of 3–6 and 9–12 months. On the base of one-factor dispersion analysis it was found a significant influence (over 20%) of the father's origin on the variability of most tested indexes of formation at the age of 0–3 and 9–12, 3–6 and 9–12, 0–6 and 12–18 and 0–6 and 6–12 months. The significant influence of father's origin demonstrates the potential effectiveness of the bulls’ selection on a certain characteristics of their daughters. Conclusions. 1. Heifers with a fast formation of body weight have significantly higher average daily gain from birth to six months and lower average daily gain at the age from nine to fifteen months, which results in the maximum increasing of the advantage of these animals over the heifers of the same age with a slow formation of body weight at age three (by 1.6–11.4 kg or 1.5–11.6%) and six (by 9.8–17.5 kg or 5.9–9.8%) months (P < 0,001). For the milk yield, fat content and protein content of firstborns a significant advantage, on the contrary, had the animals with a slow formation of body weight. The most significant this advantage was in comparison of relative gains of body weight at the age of 3–6 and 9–12; 0–6 and 12–18; 0–6 and 6–12 months (5.0–6.5%, P< 0.001). Any tendencies of changes of fat content and protein content, depending on the intensity of the body weight formation of repair heifers and a significant correlation between the formation of live weight and calving interval between the first and second calving was not found. A high significant level of inheritance (up to 26.3%) gives grounds to expect sufficient results of selection in increasing of milk yield of firstborns by indirect predictive constitutional indicator of the intensity of body weight formation.

The state of development of dairy cattle breeding in Ukraine for the period of 2011–2016 was analyzed. The trends of livestock changes, volumes of milk production depending on regions, forms of organization, breeder's membership, breeding and breeding work, influence of genetic and paratyphoid factors on indicators of development of the industry are determined. An analysis of the location of dairy cattle, its concentration, organizational forms of milk production shows significant differences between regions, both in terms of the number of dairy herds and milk production volumes. The largest concentration of cows' livestock in agricultural enterprises is observed in the northern and central regions, in particular, Poltava, Cherkassy, Sumy, Chernihiv, Khmelnytsky oblast. Large agricultural enterprises are more cost-effective than small ones, but the last ones during 2010–2016 still prevailed in the total number of agricultural enterprises - more than 50%. The number of cows of diary and diary-meat breeds decreased almost twice (from 5431 thousand in 2000 to 2736,5 thousand in 2010), and in agricultural enterprises and farms – in four times (correspondingly from 2475 to 604.6 thousand goals). Despite the simultaneous growth of 71.6% of the average cow supply (from 2359 kg – 2000 to 4049 kg – 2009), gross milk production, after some growth until 2005, in 2009 decreased by 13.5% comparing to 2001. The same trend in the dynamics of livestock population continued in the next five years. The number of cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White diary breed as of 01.01.2016 in the control herds decreased to 68181 or 11217 heads, Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy – by 8677 and Ukrainian Red diary – by 4110 heads. At this, gross milk production increased from 2216,6 tons in 2010 to 2705,6 tons in 2016. It should be emphasized that the increase in milk production occurred only in agricultural enterprises due to the growth of productivity of cows from 3975 kg in 2010 to 5643 kg in 2016, that is almost twice. An analysis of the structure of milk production in agricultural enterprises shows the gradual increase in production volumes by large farms, which is a positive trend in terms of milk quality, economic efficiency of its production, and their development as more investment attractive. An important factor in the growth of milk production is the breeding stock of cows. Over the past 5 years, the total number of breeding cows has decreased from 153.6 thousand heads to 128.2 thousand, that is on 12 per cent. The reduction in the number of cows applies to all breeds, but most of it occurred in Red dairy breeds (16.3%). The milk yield of the cows of breeding herds of new domestic breeds grew in all breeds and made up 6613 kg of milk in Ukrainian Black-and-White diary breed with a fat content of 3.70%, protein 3.27%, Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeding, respectively 6357; 3.76; 3.26; Red diary – 5963; 3.87 and 3.29. An equally important problem in the development of dairy cattle breeding in Ukraine is the low level of reproduction of animals against the background of reducing the number of livestock and increasing its productivity. This is confirmed by the low yield of calves in farms of different categories. So for 2016, according to statistics, he was 70 calves per 100 cows. One of the factor that reduces the calving out is the natural biological antagonism of milk yield and reproductive capacity of the cows. Growth in milk yield of cows in breeding flocks with an increase in the heredity of the Holstein breed led to a decrease in the yield of calves per 100 cows to 68.7 heads (in 2010). The duration of productive use has the opposite tendency - in newly created domestic breeds it extends to 3–4 lactations, in Holstein – up to 1.8–2.0 lactation. The level of heifer cultivation is a major paratypic factor affecting the formation of their productive features. The intensity of breeding heifers and heifers does not fully meet the requirements of the standard domestic breeds for their live weight. From 2019, 33498 heifers in only 45.7% – 71.5% of heads, average live weight in 6 months corresponded to the breed standard, in 12 months – 61.1–82.1 and 18 months old – 63.1–73,9%. In a number of even breeding farms, the average daily gain of heifers at 6–12 months of age, during the formation of the organism, is 550–625 g. As a rule, in such farms they do not reach a high level of milk productivity. The ways and methods of reforming dairy cattle for the period up to 2025 should be formed on such bases: - in organizational terms, focusing on the expansion of milk production in large farms, which is positive in terms of the use of modern intensive technologies, the economic efficiency of its production, the attractiveness of investment; - the revival of the national selection system, which corresponds to the best examples of its organization in European countries; - domestic dairy breeds must be established as the basis of domestic dairy cattle breeding, which correspond to the conditions of their breeding and quality of products according to a set of features; - amendments to the Procedure for using the funds provided for in the state budget, directing them to implementation of the breeding program in livestock, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Execution of the proposed measures will allow to achieve the volumes of production of milk and dairy products provided by the Program.

The article highlights the main achievements, problems and directions of the further development of the landing stock of Ukraine, the prospects of scientific research of Institute of Animal breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of the NAAS in the areas of breeding, genetics, biotechnology of reproduction and preservation of the gene pool of farm animals. Institute is the initiator of four dairy herds (Ukrainian Red-and-White, Black-and-White, Red and Brown dairy bread) and four meat (Ukrainian, Volyn, Polissya and Southern meat) breeds of cattle. Its employees carry out scientific support of regional livestock development programs, development of systems for the creation and management of commercial herds of dairy and beef cattle, which contributes to solving the global food problem, and to ensure the nutrition security of Ukrainian population. The newly created Ukrainian Black-and-White, Red-and-White and Red dairy breeds for the predominantly intra-species breeding improvement and limited access to the gene pool of the Holstein breeding breed should remain the main areas of the breeding improvement of domestic dairy cattle breeding. The existing breeding system in cattle in Ukraine does not meet international standards and practically does not work in a complex way, and it threatens the final destruction of domestic breeding livestock, a significant dependence of the country on the import of breeding resources. To solve the problem, a new structure of the breeding service with a clear definition of the organizational basis for the management of tribal affairs and functional responsibilities of the subjects of its implementation was proposed, the formation of a centralized national information base for the identification, registration, origin and performance of animals, the keeping of state books of breeding animals as the basis estimation of their genetic value, and its realization is entrusted to the state enterprise created at the institute on Main scientific-production informational-elective center in livestock. Promising areas for farm animal breeding research are grouped into gene identification and the degree of development of quantitative attributes (QTL), early prediction and evaluation of breeding value of animals using markers (MAS). Research on molecular genetics is aimed at improving genetic analysis methods at individual and population levels, monitoring herds of cattle according to different types of genetic markers. Genetic systems for testing animals in 9 loci quantitative attributes, which are involved in the formation of qualitative indicators of dairy and meat productivity. A work is under way to test animals for the polymorphism of the BoLA-DRB3 gene of the major histocompatibility complex in animal populations for resistance to or susceptibility to mastitis. Biotechnology research focuses on reproductive biology methods, first of all, manipulations with gametes of farm animals, in vitro fertilization of pre-matured oocytes of cows and pigs, and others. The technology of obtaining oocyte cumulus complexes from ovaries of animals, the conditions of their storage, cultivation and fertilization out of the organism, which allows receiving a much larger number of embryos for both scientific and practical purposes, is developed. A separate direction is the work to improve the biotechnological methods of reproduction of farm animals using nanomaterials. It is based on the application in cryopreservation and sperm production of sperm and ovules of various variants of biologically active substances that are applied to highly dispersed silica molecules (albumin of blood serum of cattle, N-acetylneuramic acid – UFS / BSA / NANA). In order to monitor and preserve the diversity of genetic resources of agricultural animals in Ukraine, a complex of works under NAAS scientific program "System of work in populations and preservation of biological diversity of genetic resources of farm animals" ("Preservation of gene pool of breeds") with a coordination center on the basis of Institute of Animal breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS. The research resulted in the development of the Program for the preservation of the gene pool of local and endangered breeds of farm animals in Ukraine for 2017–2025, in which the methodological bases for preservation of the gene pool were generalized, animal breeds were classified according to the criteria of risk, the minimum sizes of herds (real and virtual) of faulting species were substantiated, the minimum the size of subsidies for the proper functioning of small-numbered breeds, general methodological approaches to assessing the specificity of genetic resources are specified.