ГЕНЕТИЧНІ РЕСУРСИ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ ТВАРИН УКРАЇНИ НА ПОЧАТКУ ТРЕТЬОГО ТИСЯЧОЛІТТЯ С. Л. ВОЙТЕНКО, М. Г. ПОРХУН, О. В. СИДОРЕНКО, Т. Є. ІЛЬНИЦЬКА Інститут розведення і генетики тварин імені М.В.Зубця НААН (Чубинське, Україна) slvoitenko@ukr.net Охарактеризовані генетичні ресурси сільськогосподарських тварин України на початку третього тисячоліття. Визначено, що найбільш різноманітні за породним складом скотарство, вівчарство, птахівництво та рибництво. Доведено, що протягом 2002-2019 років практично усі види сільськогосподарських тварин зазнали значного скорочення маточного поголів'я, що негативно впливає на біорізноманіття тваринного світу в цілому. Встановлено, що найбільш використовуваними у молочному скотарстві на сучасному етапі розвитку галузі тваринництва з огляду на кількість самиць, є голштинська, українська червоно-ряба молочна, українська чорно-ряба молочна, симентальська, українська червона молочна, червона степова і швіцька породи; у м'ясному скотарстві -абердин-ангуська, волинська мʼясна, південна мʼясна і поліська мʼясна; у свинарстві -велика біла і ландрас; у вівчарстві -асканійська м'ясововнова з кросбредною вовною, включаючи її 3 типи, асканійська каракульська і таврійський тип асканійської тонкорунної; у конярстві -українська верхова, орловська рисиста та російська рисиста. Перестали функціонувати племінні стада по розведенню худоби бурої карпатської, української бурої молочної порід, пінцгау і пʼємонтез, свиней великої білої породи англійської селекції, великої чорної і миргородської; овець асканійської тонкорунної породи, асканійського типу чорноголових овець з кросбредною вовною, олібс, північно-кавказької, полварс, української м'ясо-вовнової (харківський тип), цигайської та її типів кримського і приазовського, багатоплідного типу каракульської породи; коней будьонівської, гуцульської, російської ваговозної, торійської, французької рисистої порід та шетлендського поні. Визнано, що без впровадження дієвих державних програм збереження та підтримки тваринництва, а також зміни політики в аграрному секторі, вітчизняному тваринництві розвиватися дуже складно. Ключові слова: генофонд тварин, породи, кількість самок, зміни в породному складі
Introduction. Most of the breeds of cattle in Ukraine, especially those created in recent years, have been intensively studied for economically useful features depending on the influence of various factors on them, which facilitates their improvement. At the same time, information on this breed of cattle in Ukraine is limited. To expand information about Ayrshire cattle in Ukraine, we considered it appropriate to analyze the state of Ayrshire breed in breeding herds, determine the origin of animals, determine the productivity of cows depending on milk production technology, lineage, lactation and its duration, and year of birth. Materials and methods of research. The general condition of Ayrshire cattle in Ukraine and its genealogical structure was determined according to statistical reports and reports on cattle evaluation results of the SE "Experimental Farm named after Dekabrystiv of Institute of Pig Breeding and Аgro-industrial production of NAAS" (Poltava region) and farm "Mezhyrichchya" (Lviv region) for 2020. Monitoring of milk productivity of Ayrshire cows in SE "Experimental Farm named after Dekabrystiv of Institute of Pig Breeding and Аgro-industrial production of NAAS" depending on the year of birth, milk production technology, lineage and lactation was made using the database of the dairy management system ("Buryonka") as of 01.01.2021. To determine the influence of genealogical formation on the yield of cows of different lactations were divided into 5 groups depending on the linear affiliation. Dairy productivity of cows, depending on the year of birth, was studied by forming 8 groups (2010–2017). To determine the effect of age of cows in calving on the duration of lactation and milk productivity of animals were divided into 8 groups depending on the ordinal number of lactation. Processing of experimental data was carried out by methods of mathematical statistics by means of the software package "Statistics 10.0". Research results. At the beginning of 2021 in the breeding breeder of SE "State Enterprise "Experimental Farm named after Dekabrystiv of the Institute of Pig Breeding and Аgro-industrial production of NAAS" kept 892 heads of Ayrshire cattle, including 543 cows, and in the breeding breeder FG" Mezhyrichchya "(Lviv region) – 70 heads, including 30 cows. Cattle of these herds differ significantly in both origin and productivity. Yes, in the farm nd. a. Dekabrystiv average yield of cows in 2020 was 7396 kg, and for the first lactation – 7239 kg, in the farm "Mezhyrichchia"– 4042 and 3790 kg, respectively. In the farm "Mezhyrichchia" cows and heifers are the daughters of bulls of the lines Redad’s 711620016, Chif’s 14273381 and Romulius’s 929189864, ie, along with purebred breeding of Ayrshire cattle, crossbreeding with Holstein and Simmental breeds is used. The modern genealogical structure of the Ayrshire breed in SE "EF nd. a. Dekabrystiv of Institute of Pig Breeding and Аgro-industrial production of NAAS" formed from the descendants of the breeders of B. I. Milkmen’s 693744, T. Bruno’s 93907, V. V. Pardner’s 811799, K. Kelli’s 40347, Reim’s 23597, Torpan’s 83882, as well as bulls united in genealogical formation. There are almost no descendants of Finnish bulls left in the herd, which were used in the early stages of the Ukrainian Ayrshire population. It was established that in the herd of the experimental farm there are 156 descendants of the bull Oblikiu 843 of the Torpan’s line 83882, 151 heads – the bull K. Desaph’s 105115743, 112 heads – the bull L. Dzhumper’s 105650307 line T. Bruno’s 93907 and 128 heads – K. Radar’s 107737811. The number of cows and heifers, daughters of other bulls, is not so large (4–90 heads). Cows of existing genealogical formations produced 7239 kg of milk in 305 days of the first lactation. It was found that with the advanced technology of milk production the average yield in the herd was 7174 kg, which is 745 kg more milk than with the traditional technology, and the advantage of milking for 305 days of the first lactation was 1057 kg. Yield and fat milk yield of Ayrshire cows in SE "EF nd. a. Dekabrystiv of Institute of Pig Breeding and Аgro-industrial production of NAAS" for I–III lactations depended on the year of birth, but did not tend to increase in dynamics. The yield of the first-born cows born during 2011–2017 varied between 5688–6924 kg, 6336–7751 kg for the second lactation and 6784–9904 kg for the third, respectively. The highest yield for the first and second lactations – 6924 and 7751 kg (respectively) were found in cows born in 2017, and the fat content in the milk of first-born and second lactation – 3.91 and 3.95%, respectively, in cows born in 2015. The yield of cows of different linear affiliation for 305 days of I – III lactation were analyzed and it was found that the daughter offspring of the studied lines were characterized by different ability to produce milk with age. Cows of genealogical line T. Bruno’s 93907 and K. Kelly’s 40347 increased yield depending on the ordinal number of lactation, V. V. Pardner’s 811799 and Reim’s 23597 – decreased for the second lactation and significantly increased for the third, and B. I. Milkmen’s 693744 – increased for the second lactation and reduced the third. Based on this, it was concluded that the herd cows are heterogeneous in milk productivity with increasing age in lactation, which is most likely due to the physiological characteristics of females. During the first lactation, among the representatives of 5 genealogical formations, the most milk was produced by the daughter descendants of bulls of the K. Kelly’s genealogical line 40347 – 7193 kg, and Reim’s 23597 – 7152 kg. According to the second lactation, the cows of the K. Kelly’s line 40347 had the highest productivity, from which 7694 kg of milk was obtained, which is 444 – 1086 kg more than the representatives of other studied lines. The yield of the third lactation cows varied at the level of 6913–7519 kg at the highest rate among the daughters of bulls of the Reim’s line 23597. Yield during the II–VIII lactation 457–1731 kg more milk was obtained, compared to the first one without a clear tendency to increase it with increasing age of cows in calves. The cows were found to have steadily increased their yield until the fifth lactation with subsequent fluctuations. At the same time, their milk yield was not consistent with the duration of lactation. Thus, in 442.4 days of the seventh lactation, 7539 kg were obtained from cows, and in 389.8 days of the fifth lactation - 7364 kg. At the same time, for 429.5 days of the second lactation 7160 kg of milk was obtained, and for 396.3 days of the third – 7556 kg, ie the difference was 396 kg compared to the latter, although lactation of cows after the third calving lasted 33.2 days less. Similarly for other lactations. The correlation coefficient between the duration of lactation and milk yield for 305 days was: I lactation -0.487; II – (-0.047); III – (+0.318); IV – (-0.515); V – (-0.319); VI – (+0.726); VII – (+0.726); VIII – (+0.856), indicating both weak and strong correlations. Conclusions. The current livestock of Ayrshire cattle in Ukraine is concentrated in two breeding herds, which differ significantly in productivity and genealogical structure. In the dynamics of 2002–2020, the milk productivity of cows of the experimental farm increased 2.2–3.6 times, which is consistent with a number of selection and technological factors. The advanced technology of milk production, compared to the traditional one, helped to increase the average milk yield per herd by 745 kg. During the first lactation, the largest amount of milk was produced by the daughter descendants of bulls of the K. Kelly’s genealogical line 40347 – 7193 kg, and Reim’s 23597 – 7152 kg. Cows of genealogical lines T. Bruno 93907, B. I. Milkmen’s 693744, V. V. Pardner’s 811799, K. Kelly’s 40347 and Reim’s 23597 were characterized by different ability to increase milk productivity with age, which should be taken into account when forming a highly productive herd.
Introduction. Conceptual framework system biodiversity in livestock include a combination of a set of measures aimed at the conservation and repopulation animals - the preservation of genetic diversity in situ in vitro and preservation of genetic diversity through the accumulation of genetic material and its cryopreservation as germ and somatic cells, zygotes, tissues (ex situ in vitro). Gene pool facilities require maintenance system to produce the required number gene pool products, the main criterion of evaluation which is playing the typical breed characteristics and features. The unifying element in the system of biodiversity - a Bank of Animals of genetic resources of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS, which is attributed to objects of national heritage. Relevance of the creation and operation of the bank animal genetic resources of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS teeth caused by rapidly narrowing biodiversity in general and the diversity of farm animals in particular. According to the ratified November 29, 1994 the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine "Convention on Biodiversity" Pan-European strategy and objectives of conservation of biological and landscape diversity Bank animal genetic resources of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS performs the task of enhancing the role of agriculture in maintaining biodiversity and fostering international cooperation for the conservation of genetic material of small species and endangered species according to the objectives of science and technology program number 37 "The system works in populations and biodiversity conservation of genetic resources of agricultural animals" ("Saving gene pool breeds"). It operates as a scientific and technological structure that provides storage and preservation of national and global gene pool of small, local and endangered species, populations and genotypes of rare farm animals. According to current trends driving the selection and breeding of livestock Ukraine and focusing on the short term, bank of sperm Institute also provides storage and rational use of better breeding material in the framework of breeding programs and improving the genetic potential productivity of animals. The purpose of this study was to conduct quantitative and qualitative analysis of genetic material stored in the bank of Animal of Genetic Resources of Institute of Animals Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS. Material and methods of research. A description of the genetic material that is deposited in the bank of animal genetic resources of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS the results of the inventory on January 1, 2017 and acts of reception and transmission. Analyzed information forms the primary account (1-mol and 1-beef) and certificates of origin bulls. To characterize the gene pool of animals breeding materials included books of evaluation on the quality sires and progeny data directory bulls allowed to use in the selection process. Results. Bank Animal of Genetic Resources was formed on the basis of the Republican gene pool bank of sperm, which was established in 1976 under former Ukrainian Research Institute Breeding and Artificial insemination of cattle (now the Institute of Animals Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS. Forming of animal genetic resources IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS was due to tribal enterprises, which sperm came from almost all regions of Ukraine. Since the gene pool of the National Bank of sperm of animal genetic resources deposited 26.043 thousand sperm doses of 44 bulls who participated in developing Ukrainian Beef breed, and founder of the Ukrainian Beef breed lines. The bank remains Institute of semen sires - the pioneers of related groups sperm are used to display the Ukarainian Beef breed: 81 Eoiziano, 2317 Eymo, 274 Desant and 382 Eufemio (Chianina), 5203 Juncker, 8574103527 Zheriko (Charolais) and founder of the factory line - 0988 Anchar (Ukrainian Beef). Also, the bank laid sperm factory line Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cattle - 897 Elbrus. Now bank of sperm of Institute holds more than 145.3 thousand sperm doses outstanding bulls 16 dairy and 14 beef breeds in the number of 87.4 thousand doses of 116 sires and 38.6 thousand. Doses from 77 bulls beef breeds which is intended for use directly in selection and breeding work with breeds. To implement the program "Preservation of the gene pool of breeds" in the Bank of animal genetic resources generative cells remain in an amount of 19.5 thousand sperm doses of 27 bulls and four local endangered breeds (Ukrainian Whiteheaded, Lebedyn, Ukrainian Gray and Carpathian Brown). If necessary, use genetic material of these species in gene pool herds in the future will make it possible to recover the lost line. During 2011- 2013 the specialists studied indicators mobility, dynamic characteristics of movement and survival defrosting bull sperm stored in a bank animals genetic resources of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS using computer analyzer Sperm Vision company «Minitub» (USA). Indices straight-forward motion and absolute bull sperm survival rate for different shelf life. The Institute staff conducted molecular genetic evaluation of genotypes bulls for loci QTL (k-Cn, βLG, GH (dairy and cattle breeds) TG, CAPN1 530, MSTN), ISSR-markers using a as being primers for fragments of dinucleotide and trinucleotide microsatellite locus (ACC) 6G, (GAG) 6C, (AG)9C, (GA)9C and microsatellite markers that are included in the list of recommended ISAG (BM1824, BM2113, INRA023, SPS115, TGLA122, TGLA126, TGLA227, ETH10, ETH225 and ETH3). The information for the studied markers allows you to make more detailed description of the genetic diversity of planted material stored in a bank of genetic resources of animals IABG. The staff of the Institute and other academic Institutions in the system of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, which performs research program NAAS "Saving gene pool breds" continues to work to build a bank of animal genetic resources. Also, the Institute formed DNA bank of somatic cells and tissues of various farm animals, with appropriate breeding and genetic characteristics of genetic material. To enhance the role of the bank of Institute of Animals Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS in the management of genetic resources and conservation of biodiversity in the future of its formation should be based on the basis that from commercial breeds of farm animals lay biological material only from their greatest representatives, and for indigenous, local and endangered breeds - representatives from the widest possible range of different genealogical structure that will characterize the entire population. Conclusions. Formation of the bank and its functioning is not only the accumulation and cryopreservation of genetic material of all kinds of animals, and in ensuring the implementation of scientific programs to maintain the diversity and specificity of gene pool facilities and breeding, biotechnology and other scientific research.
Introduction. In recent years, the production of feed additives of animal origin in Ukraine has declined sharply, and the cost of imported additives is very high. At the same time, in our country, the industry of industrial poultry farming has recently received intensive development, in particular, the cultivation and processing of broiler chickens for meat. At the same time, a significant amount of non-food waste from poultry slaughter in many poultry farms is not processed for feed purposes. Currently, an urgent problem is the organization of processing of non-food waste of poultry for feed purposes at poultry farms of industrial type of cultivation for meat of broiler chickens, primarily from blood and hydrolyzed raw materials. Processing of these wastes for feed purposes will not only give the opportunity to increase the production of high-grade protein feed, but also to significantly improve environmental safety. The purpose of our research is to study the meat productivity, safety, slaughter yield and quality of broiler chicken meat when feeding a combined feed additive from blood and hydrolyzed raw materials. Materials and methods of research. Development of an innovative technological line for the production of a combined feed additive from blood and hydrolyzed raw materials was carried out in LLC "Complex Agromars" (village of Havrylivka, Vyshgorod district of Kyiv region), and research on the effectiveness of feeding a combined feed additive from blood and hydrolyzed raw materials was performed in the production conditions of LLC "Bila Hora" Sniatynskyi district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. Research result. Development of innovative technological line was carried out in cooperation with engineering and technical staff of LLC "Complex Agromars". The innovative technological line is designed and installed using devices and mechanisms of the company "Haarslev Industries". In order to study the effectiveness of feeding a combined blood-feather feed additive for the experiment, four groups of broiler chickens of the Cobb 500 cross were formed, 50 heads in each, according to the following scheme: one group of broiler chickens was taken as a control group, and the next three groups – as research groups. Cultivation of broiler chickens in the experiment was carried out according to the traditional technology of feeding on standard compound feeds adopted in industrial broiler poultry farming, which, depending on the age and growth of chickens, includes 3 phases: "Start" – 14 days, "Growth" – 18 days, "Finish" – 12 days. According to the scheme of experience, the control group of chickens received standard feed without blood-feather feed additive. The difference in feeding of the broiler chickens of the experimental groups was in different levels of feeding with experimental combined feed additive from blood and hydrolyzed feather raw materials, which, depending on the age and growth of chickens, included in the feed of the I group from 4 to 12%, of the II group – from 3 to 10%, of the III group – from 2 to 8%. As a result of the studies it was found that at the end of the experiment at 44-day age the average live weight of broiler chickens of the control group was 2630 g, of the experimental group I – 2885 g, of the group II –2790 g, of the group III – 2680 g. For 44 days of experience the following amounts died: in the control group – 2 chickens, in the experimental group I – 1 chicken, in the group II – no chickens, in the group III – 1 chicken. Slaughter of broiler chickens and meat tasting was carried out in the company "Bilyi Bereh" of Ternopil region at the age of 44 days. It was established that the average slaughter yield of 1 carcass of broiler chicken meat was: in the control group – 1920, in the experimental group I – 2106 g, in the group II – 2037 g, in the group III – 1956 g. The difference in quality of meat of broiler chickens of control and experimental groups by results of tasting was not revealed. Summary: In LLC "Complex Agromars" (village of Havrylivka, Vyshgorod district of Kyiv region) designed and implemented an innovative technological line for production of ecologically safe combined feed additive from blood and hydrolyzed feather raw materials from non-food waste slaughter of broiler chickens when growing for meat. In the course of scientific and economic experiment it was found that the inclusion in the standard traditional feed in different phases of cultivation of broiler chickens for meat of about 4 to 12% of the combined feed additive from blood and hydrolyzed feather raw materials increased their average live weight from 2630g in the control group to 2885 g, and the average slaughter yield of 1 meat carcass – from 1920 g in the control group to 2106 g.
Introduction. With the development of computer technology, the ability to design and optimize rations with the use of special programs, which reduce the time spent on their conducting a dozen times The majority of currently known methods of development of rations for farm animals with the usage of computer technology and software, which are published in the literature or are posted on the Internet, do not present accessible, concrete, clear and reliable data regarding their practical use and, as a rule, have significant realization costs. The goal of this work is to develop computer model of the optimization of composition, nutritional value and cost of feeding rations for lactating cows with detailed standards, as well as predicted profitability of milk production on the basis of Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, which will be simple and accessible for wide use in the production conditions. Materials and methods of research. The computer model of optimization of the composition, nutritional value and cost of feeding rations for lactating cows, as well as the expected profitability of milk production is developed based on Microsoft Excel spreadsheets under production conditions of the research farms of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS, SE RF “Nyva” (Hrystynivka village, Hrystynivskiy area, Cherkaskiy region) and SE RF “Hrystynivske” (Hrystynivka town of Cherkaskiy region). Results of the research. The developed computer model of optimization of feeding rations for lactating cows is the computer matrix of the optimized ration that includes the database of detailed rates of cows feeding, main types of feeds and their nutritional value, prime cost of the farm-produced feeds and cost of the purchased feeds. At the first stage of ration optimization, the selection of the daily quantity of feeds to the ration is realized in the following sequence: - to balance with dry matter - bulky farm-produced feeds (hay, silage, haylage, straw); - to balance with metabolic energy – stock feed of corn, barley, non-food wheat; - to balance with protein – peas, press cake, grist, brewers grain; - balancing with macro-, microelements and vitamins – mineral and vitamin products. At the final stage, based on the database entered to the computer, the programmed automated calculation of nutritional value, cost of the ration and predicted profitability of milk production is realized. The proposed computer model envisages the inclusion of feeds of own production from the energy-protein units, which are most yielding on harvest, and the fodder crops, which are cheapest on the prime cost, with minimal use of purchased high-protein supplements and other fodder and mineral supplements to rations. Advantages of the proposed computer model of ration development for lactation cows: - availability of the method; - the method does not require the usage of traditional expensive programs, which are complicated in application; - simplicity of computer software in the development of rations; - the availability of operative measures in order to make the necessary changes for the correction of rations in the process of their development; - the labor costs for the development of rations, the calculation of their cost and the expected profitability of milk production decrease by 5–7 times; - the introduction of a computer model of calculation of composition of feed rations into the production according to detailed rules makes it possible to maximize the genetically predetermined productive potential of animals and the production of high quality and competitive livestock products. Conclusions: A simple computer model of optimization of the composition, nutritional value and cost of feeding rations for lactating cows, which can be used in the production conditions, according to detailed norms and predicted profitability of milk production is developed. The organization of optimized full feeding of lactation cows using computer technology according to detailed norms and the purposeful management of the selection and genetic process ensured the average annual milk yield from the cow in 2016 at research farms of Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS of SE RF “Nyva” and SE RF “Hrystynivske” at the level of 6514 and 6511 kg, respectively.
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