No abstract

No abstract

The withering characteristics of tea leaves were examined for different temperatures. Tea leaves were withered at a temperature range of 20-45 C with a constant air velocity of 1.1 m/s. The experimental results illustrated the absence of constant-rate drying period and withering took place only in the falling-rate period. During the falling-rate period, at constant drying air flow rate, the drying rate increased and drying time decreased with the increase in drying air temperature. Drying models of Henderson and Pabis and Page were evaluated based on mean bias error (E MB ), root mean square error (E RMS ), correlation coefficient (R 2 ), and the chi square (v 2 ). The Henderson and Pabis model was found to be a better model for describing the withering characteristics of tea leaves for each of the temperatures of 20, 25, 30, and 35 C. The values obtained from Page model were found to be more reasonable for temperatures of 40 and 45 C than the other model. Both the models closely fitted the withering data within a certain range of temperature. The Henderson and Pabis model gave better prediction and satisfactorily described the withering characteristics of tea leaves at temperatures lower than 40 C whereas the Page model fitted well at temperatures greater than 40 C.

No abstract

No abstract

Awareness about probiotic food and their health benefits is increasing tremendously. However, probiotics have to withstand the harsh conditions that come across during their processing, handling, storage, and gastrointestinal conditions. Encapsulating technologies can be used to protect the probiotics during their passage through the gastrointestinal system of the human gut. Probiotics as an ingredient in dry powder form can be easily handled, stored, and used in developing the probiotic functional products. In the present study, probiotic cells (Lactobacillus acidophilus) were encapsulated by spray drying technology to produce a probiotic powder using 20% of maltodextrin and varied concentrations of gum arabic. The effect of processing conditions such as inlet air temperature (130–150 °C) and gum arabic concentration (0–10%) on the encapsulation efficiency and physical properties were studied. Further, the free and encapsulated probiotic cells were exposed to the simulated-gastric intestinal (SGI) fluid conditions and different storage conditions for their viability. For all the tested formula, moisture content, water activity, encapsulation efficiency, hygroscopicity, and wettability obtained were in the range of 4.59–9.05% (w.b.), 0.33–0.52, 65–89.15%, 12–21.15 g H 2 O/100g dry weight, and 116 s–353 s, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results have shown that gum arabic and maltodextrin have structural stability during spray drying. The encapsulated probiotic cells have shown a positive effect and exhibited better viability after exposure to a SGI solution at different pH levels and duration compared to free cells. The viability of encapsulated cells stored at refrigerated condition (4 °C) was found to be higher than the viability of cells stored at room temperature (25 °C).

No abstract

Property of black pepper-physical, chemical, thermal and optical (Table 3) Chemical composition of black pepper Compounds responsible for odor, aroma and pungency in black pepper: The aroma and odor are the most critical and central requirement for any spice and they are combinations of many compounds; in particular for black pepper major compounds responsible for the color, odor and aroma are shown in the Table 4