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L. acidophilus was encapsulated with maltodextrin and different concentrations of gum arabic by spray drying technology. Encapsulated cells have shown better viability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions compared to free cells.

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Awareness about probiotic food and their health benefits is increasing tremendously. However, probiotics have to withstand the harsh conditions that come across during their processing, handling, storage, and gastrointestinal conditions. Encapsulating technologies can be used to protect the probiotics during their passage through the gastrointestinal system of the human gut. Probiotics as an ingredient in dry powder form can be easily handled, stored, and used in developing the probiotic functional products. In the present study, probiotic cells (Lactobacillus acidophilus) were encapsulated by spray drying technology to produce a probiotic powder using 20% of maltodextrin and varied concentrations of gum arabic. The effect of processing conditions such as inlet air temperature (130–150 °C) and gum arabic concentration (0–10%) on the encapsulation efficiency and physical properties were studied. Further, the free and encapsulated probiotic cells were exposed to the simulated-gastric intestinal (SGI) fluid conditions and different storage conditions for their viability. For all the tested formula, moisture content, water activity, encapsulation efficiency, hygroscopicity, and wettability obtained were in the range of 4.59–9.05% (w.b.), 0.33–0.52, 65–89.15%, 12–21.15 g H 2 O/100g dry weight, and 116 s–353 s, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results have shown that gum arabic and maltodextrin have structural stability during spray drying. The encapsulated probiotic cells have shown a positive effect and exhibited better viability after exposure to a SGI solution at different pH levels and duration compared to free cells. The viability of encapsulated cells stored at refrigerated condition (4 °C) was found to be higher than the viability of cells stored at room temperature (25 °C).

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the drying characteristics of pineapple at various temperatures of 55, 60, 65, 70 and 75 °C by keeping air velocity constant and best drying model was selected to describe the drying behaviour. Moreover, the energy requirement, exergy efficiency was also evaluated. Results of study revealed that the ascorbic acid content of dried pineapple was significantly reduced with increase in drying air temperatures. The effective moisture diffusivity, energy requirement and exergy efficiency during entire process of drying varied with the temperatures, in the range of 5.

The aim of the investigation was to study the drying characteristics of pineapple at different temperatures of 55, 60, 65, 70 and 75°C with 1.5 m/ s constant air velocity. In the present study, the best drying model was selected to describe the drying behaviour, and to develop the moisture profile using COMSOL. Based on the best criteria, Verma et al. was chosen as the best fit to the experimental data. The predicted moisture ratio values obtained from COMSOL simulation and Verma et al. were good agreement with the experimental data.