The electrochemical reactivity of cations such as Ca 2ϩ , Mg 2ϩ , and Y 3ϩ into crystalline V 2 O 5 materials was investigated. The ionic diffusion constant of Li ϩ and Y 3ϩ into microcrystalline and nanocrystalline V 2 O 5 was measured by the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique. The Y 3ϩ ion diffusion constant into a 500 nm crystalline V 2 O 5 was found to be approximately two orders of magnitude lower than for the Li ϩ ion. In order to enable practical intercalation of Y 3ϩ , a nanocrystalline V 2 O 5 was fabricated through a combustion flame synthesis technique. For the first time, reversible electrochemical intercalation of Y 3ϩ into a host structure was shown to be feasible. An asymmetric hybrid cell configuration was utilized in order to provide a reversible counter electrode during intercalation. Preliminary data indicates Y 3ϩ can be reversibly intercalated into V 2 O 5 with apparent gravimetric capacities exceeding that of Ca 2ϩ , Mg 2ϩ , or Li ϩ over the limited voltage range of 2.5 to 4.2 V (Li/Li ϩ ). The concept of polyvalent intercalation is discussed relative to intercalation, pseudocapacitance, apparent specific capacity, and practical energy storage systems.High energy density electrochemically rechargeable energy storage systems are the key to the future realization of a myriad of next generation applications ranging from biomedical to electric vehicles. Currently, there exist two commercialized single-ion room temperature secondary battery technologies utilizing at least one intercalation electrode, NiMeH ͑proton͒ and Li ion ͑lithium͒. NiMeH batteries utilize the reversible intercalation of a H ϩ guest cation into NiOOH and alloying reactions with rare earth or misch metal counter electrodes. The basic Li-ion battery utilizes intercalation reactions of Li ϩ into transition metal positive electrodes or carbonbased negative electrodes. Presently, the Li-ion battery is the highest energy density commercialized rechargeable battery technology. This technology has the future potential to far exceed the theoretical energy densities of the aqueous NiMeH technology. Although much research has focused on the improvement of the host electrodes for Li-ion guest cation intercalation, little work has focused on alternative guest cation species to replace the Li ϩ cation.The use of Na ϩ as a low cost, potentially less reactive cation for rocking chair intercalation batteries is the most prevalent of the reported research on alternative guest cation intercalation. 1-7 Na ϩ cells have seen little commercial success because of the lack of suitable electroactive negative electrode materials. Fewer papers have focused on polyvalent cation intercalation reactions in order to develop alternative rocking chair cells using guest cations with valences greater than one. 8 Of these, the development of Mg 2ϩ -based batteries and related electrolytes 9-12 are the most widely discussed. Electrochemical intercalation of Mg 2ϩ into a number of metal oxides and sulfides were investigated, 13 however, electrochemica...
Compositions in the mixed strontium/calcium feldspar ([Sr/Ca]O. Al 2 O 3. 2SiO 2)-aluminum titanate (Al 2 O 3. TiO 2) system have been investigated as alternative materials for the diesel particulate filter (DPF) application. A key attribute of these compositions is their low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Samples have been prepared with porosities of >50% having average pore sizes of between 12 and 16µm. The superior thermal shock resistance, increased resistance to ash attack, and high volumetric heat capacity of these materials, coupled with monolithic fabrication, provide certain advantages over currently available silicon carbide products. In addition, based on testing done so far aluminum titanate-based filters have demonstrated chemical durability and comparable pressure drop (both bare and catalyzed) to current, commercially available, silicon carbide products.
As indicated by the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique the reversible electrochemical intercalation of Y 3+ into nanocrystalline V 2 O 5 is feasible. The intercalation occurs with apparent gravimetric capacities exceeding that of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , or Li + over the limited voltage range 2.5-4.2 V (Li/Li + ). -(AMATUCCI, G. G.; BADWAY, F.; SINGHAL, A.; BEAUDOIN, B.; SKANDAN, G.; BOWMER, T.; PLITZ, I.; PEREIRA, N.; CHAPMAN, T.; JAWORSKI, R.; J.
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