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The results of an experimental investigation of the buoyancy driven flow adjacent to and below a horizontal ice surface melting in cold water at near oceanic salinity are presented. This melting configuration is characteristic of circumstances encountered by sea ice, for example, by new ice and, also, on the bottom of tabular ice floes. Several ambient water temperatures t∞ are investigated, from t∞ = −1.75°C to t∞ = 3°C. Time exposure photographs of the flow field reveal that distinctively different flow regimes occur, across even that narrow range of ambient temperature. At all temperature levels, the flow immediately below the ice surface is found to be horizontally radially inward toward the center of the ice. Also, another outward moving horizontal layer appeared, parallel to and below the inward moving layer. The downward extent of penetration of this layer motion was seen to vary with t∞. The lower layer sinks lower into the ambient medium with increasing t∞. Measured water‐ice interface temperatures and ice melt rates are also presented. These results are compared with earlier similar measurements for vertical surfaces melting in cold saline water and found to vary in a similar way with ambient temperature t∞.

An experimental and theoretical investigation has been carried out to determine the effect of thermal radiation on a natural convection boundary layer formed adjacent to a vertical flat surface with uniform heat flux input. In the experiment, the gases air, argon and ammonia were used as the fluid medium, thus permitting the observation of radiation effects in non-abosrbing and absorbing media. Experimental results were obtained for three different wall emittances at ambient pressures ranging from 2 to 8 atmospheres in air and argon and from 2 to 7 atmospheres in ammonia. An interferometer was used to measure the temperature distributions in the boundary layer and to evaluate the conductive (convective) heat flux from the surface into the fluid medium. The experimental temperature distributions and heat-transfer results obtained in ammonia gas are compared to the predictions of a perturbation analysis developed by the present writers. General agreement between theory and experiment is found. The presence of a radiating gas is seen to increase the convective heat transfer by as much as 40 % for the conditions of the present experiments. The results further indicate that the temperature distributions and wall-temperature gradients are strongly affected by both variations in the surface emittance and variations in gaseous emission and absorption. For non-absorbing gases, the experimental results are found to be in general agreement with existing theory. It is also shown that the experimental temperature distributions agree very well with theoretical predictions obtained by treating the convection and radiation processes as independent and superimposed.

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