Background: Under normal physiological conditions, endotoxin (ET) released during self-renewal of the colibacillus pool is an obligate stimulus for the formation of the immune system and homeostasis of the body. Violation of the barrier function of the intestinal wall and the mechanisms of neutralization of endotoxin leads to systemic endotoxemia of intestinal origin. It’s development is facilitated by: stress, intoxication, a decrease in nonspecific resistance of the body, as well as damage to the intestinal mucosa and dysbiosis, where the mucous membrane is more vulnerable and permeable to endotoxin. Purpose of the Research: To compare and assess the severity and nature of hepatocyte damage from endotoxin exposure and the degree of manifestation of stress due to oxidation. To determine the characteristics of structural changes in hepatocytes and to assess the oxidation stress during endotoxin intoxication in the experiment with biochemical markers. Materials and Methods: The experiments were conducted on 40 non-linear rats, divided into two groups of 20 animals. Group 1 animals received intraperitoneal injections of ET of Escherichia coli drug (Sigma USA K-235) for seven days at a rate of 0.1 mg / kg of the body weight. Animals of the second group served as control group. Character and stage of liver damage was studied using morphological methods, including electron and light microscopy. In studying oxidizing stress were used biochemical methods to define the changes, such as conjugated diens and dienketones, spontaneous oxidizing modification of proteins. Results and Conclusion: 1. The severity and depth of morphological changes in the liver during endotoxin intoxication were correlated with the dynamics of the content of lipid oxidation products (CD and DK, MDA) and proteins. There was a tendency to a more significant increase in the oxidative modification of proteins in serum. This confirms the data on the primary damage of proteins by free radicals. 2. When exposed to intestinal microflora endotoxin, pronounced dyscirculatory changes, fatty and hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes with signs of toxic damage to their nuclei were determined, but at the same time, increased hyperplastic activity of sinusoidal cells remained associated with the effects of endotoxin. These changes are associated with both the direct toxic effect of endotoxin, and the effects of oxidative stress, in which endotoxin is a potent inducer.
The article is dedicated to the 115th anniversary of the birth of Mikhail Mikhailovich Gerasimov, a world-famous scientist, pioneer of historical and forensic portrait reconstruction, founder of the Plastic Reconstruction Laboratory at the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (currently the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences). M.M. Gerasimov created the most famous gallery of sculptural portraits of a number of historical persons, and also recreated the appearances of fossil peo-ple from the available bone remains. A man of encyclopedic knowledge, anthropologist, archaeologist and sculp-tor rolled into one, Gerasimov laid the foundations of craniofacial reconstruction and created his own scientific school. For his invaluable contribution to science and practical anthropology, as well as to forensic medicine and forensic science, the scientist was awarded the State Prize in 1950, as well as the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR in 1969. The method of facial reconstruction developed by Gerasimov formed the basis of modern meth-ods equipped with advanced imaging and computer technologies. The laboratory created by M.M. Gerasimov exists and is actively functioning up to the present days, and his students successfully continue the work he started. For decades, the authority of M.M. Gerasimov in anthropological reconstruction has remained unshakable, the method of reconstruction of the appearance of fossil people, developed by the scientist, has received world-wide recognition, and it is fundamental for modern researchers. Followers of M.M. Gerasimov continue to develop and improve the method, which is of paramount importance in paleoanthropology, ethnography, historical sci-ences, and which has found practical application in forensic science, forensic medicine and plastic surgery.
This article describes the treatise “De fractura calve” (“About skull fractures”) of the famous Italian Renaissance physician and anatomist Jacopo Berengario da Carpi, published in 1518. In this work, rightly considered a milestone in the history of neurosurgery and neurotraumatology, the author not only described the symptoms of head injuries, but also offered their classification, basics of differential diagnosis, surgical tactics, and the necessary instruments.
Article is dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the discovery of lacteals by the Italian surgeon and anatomist Gaspare Aselli (1581-1626). The author's translation of a fragment of Aselli's original text "De lactibus sive lacteis venis quarto vasorum mesaraicorum genere novo invento" with a description of the circumstances of the discovery is provided. A brief biographical note of the scientist is given.
The article is dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding French anatomist, physician and philosopher Jean Pecquet (1622–1674). Pecquet’s biography is connected with the city of Dieppe, where the future scientist was born and got his primary education, and with Paris, where he made his main discoveries in anatomy. Throughout his life, Pecquet collaborated with many prominent scientists of that time (Jacques Mentel, Louis Gayant, Jean Riolan (the Younger)), including not only physicians and anatomists, but also physicists such as Blaise Pascal, Edme Mariotte, Marin Mersenne and Evangelista Torricelli. Pecquet’s most famous discovery is the chyle cictern, or cisterna chyli. The structure was named after of the scientist – “Pecquet’s reservoir (cistern)”. But more revolutionary discovery made by Pecquet is revealing and proving the fact that the lymphatic ducts flow into the superior vena cava indirectly through the venous angles and refuting the conventional opinion on the drainage of lymph into the liver. An important help in Pecquet’s anatomical research and experiments was his passion for the physical and mathematical sciences. In collaboration with Edme Marriott, Pecquet studied the structure of the eyeball and turned out to be more foresighted, because, unlike Marriott, he correctly understood the role of the retina in the functioning of the eye as an organ of vision. Pecquet was one of William Harvey’s supporters regarding his concept of blood circulation. He introduced cutting-edge at that moment technologies into the anatomy methodology, including animal experiments in vivo, and made a fateful contribution to the progress of anatomical science.
На стыке XIX-XX веков хирургическая наука вступила в период бурного развития, обусловленный рядом открытий и внедрений, таких как местная и общая анестезия, асептика, методы остановки кровотечений и т.д. Особенно динамично развивалась трансплантология, одним из основоположников которой являются Алексис Каррель и его последователи. Все это происходило на фоне увлечения многими учеными евгеникой, одним из апологетов которой стал Каррель. Идеи улучшения человека хирургическим путем нашли, в частности, отражение в работах по омоложению человеческого организма. Один из учеников А. Карреля, французский хирург русского происхождения Сергей Воронов успешно развил это начинание до масштабов хирургической индустрии, принесшей создателю мировую известность. Истории «омолаживающей трансплантологии», анализу успехов и неудач пионеров-экспериментаторов посвящена наша работа.Финансирование. Данная статья не имела спонсорской поддержки.Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
The article is dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Doctor of Medical Sciences (MD), Professor Anatoly Andree- vich Babanin. The article highlights the main events in the life of the famous scientist, lists the main achievements and scientific achievements. The life and scientific activities of Anatoly Andreevich are inextricably linked with the Crimean Medical Institute (University), within the walls of which the future professor first received a higher medical education, and then, after years of successful scientific activity, headed the university as a rector for many years. Thanks to the talented leadership, the Crimean Medical University has reached a high level of scientific and technological develop- ment and international recognition. For long productive work and scientific achievements, Professor A.A. Babanin awarded numerous government and international awards and titles, and currently continues active work for the benefit of higher medical education in Crimea.
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