Structural and Morphological Changes in the Liver Due to Intestinal Endotoxins

Abstract

Background: Under normal physiological conditions, endotoxin (ET) released during self-renewal of the colibacillus pool is an obligate stimulus for the formation of the immune system and homeostasis of the body. Violation of the barrier function of the intestinal wall and the mechanisms of neutralization of endotoxin leads to systemic endotoxemia of intestinal origin. It’s development is facilitated by: stress, intoxication, a decrease in nonspecific resistance of the body, as well as damage to the intestinal mucosa and dysbiosis, where the mucous membrane is more vulnerable and permeable to endotoxin. Purpose of the Research: To compare and assess the severity and nature of hepatocyte damage from endotoxin exposure and the degree of manifestation of stress due to oxidation. To determine the characteristics of structural changes in hepatocytes and to assess the oxidation stress during endotoxin intoxication in the experiment with biochemical markers. Materials and Methods: The experiments were conducted on 40 non-linear rats, divided into two groups of 20 animals. Group 1 animals received intraperitoneal injections of ET of Escherichia coli drug (Sigma USA K-235) for seven days at a rate of 0.1 mg / kg of the body weight. Animals of the second group served as control group. Character and stage of liver damage was studied using morphological methods, including electron and light microscopy. In studying oxidizing stress were used biochemical methods to define the changes, such as conjugated diens and dienketones, spontaneous oxidizing modification of proteins. Results and Conclusion: 1. The severity and depth of morphological changes in the liver during endotoxin intoxication were correlated with the dynamics of the content of lipid oxidation products (CD and DK, MDA) and proteins. There was a tendency to a more significant increase in the oxidative modification of proteins in serum. This confirms the data on the primary damage of proteins by free radicals. 2. When exposed to intestinal microflora endotoxin, pronounced dyscirculatory changes, fatty and hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes with signs of toxic damage to their nuclei were determined, but at the same time, increased hyperplastic activity of sinusoidal cells remained associated with the effects of endotoxin. These changes are associated with both the direct toxic effect of endotoxin, and the effects of oxidative stress, in which endotoxin is a potent inducer.

Function of TREM1 and TREM2 in Liver-Related Diseases

“…Although the gut barrier is inherently leaky, this leakiness increases after injury, such as alcohol-induced liver injury [1]. Then, a few gut-derived molecules or viruses are able to enter the portal vein and cause damage to the liver [2,3]. Once an infection or tissue damage occurs, homeostasis is broken, and the immune response of the liver is rapidly activated [4].…”

Effects of Ficus pandurata Hance var. angustifolia Cheng Flavonoids on Intestinal Barrier and Cognitive Function by Regulating Intestinal Microbiota

“…After FCF intervention, the expression of ZO-1 and occludin in the intestinal epithelial cells was up-regulated, and the shape of the colon was restored to a certain extent. Intestinal tight junction proteins are sensitive to changes in the gut flora, and the increase of intestinal permeability will cause harmful substances such as bacterial endotoxins and heterologous antigens to enter the internal environment through the mucosal barrier, causing intestinal inflammation eventually [ 39 ]. Previous studies demonstrated that luteolin can increase transepithelial resistance, reduce Lucifer yellow flux and up-regulate the expression of tight junction proteins such as ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1, thereby reducing ethanol-induced intestinal barrier damage.…”