Aim of this study was to assess morphofunctional transformations in the adrenal glands of juvenile rats systematically exposed to +Gx acceleration. Material and Methods -Rats in the experimental group were exposed to transversely-directed gravitational overloads (9 G) produced by experimental centrifuge C-2/500 (three times, each time 3 minutes exposure with 30 seconds break between sets). Microscopical, histomorphometric (thickness of cortical zones; cortex-medulla ratio; absolute and relative area of zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate, zona reticularis, and medulla; number and density of cells in each zone; area of nuclei, cytoplasm and liposomes in endocrinocytes), ultrastructural and statistical methods were used. Results -Structural transformations found in adrenal glands are adaptive responses to stress and hemodynamic changes caused by systematic influence of gravitational overloads. The expressed hemodynamic changes combined with stress-induced morphofunctional transformations, manifested as signs of functional stress of cortical and medullar endocrinocytes on the background of dystrophic and destructive ultrastructural changes were revealed. Increase of number of exposures to 45 leads to further stabilization of morphofunctional condition of adrenal glands. Conclusion -Structural transformations and features of the functional tension of the cortical and medullary endocrinocytes are limited as "systemic structural trace".

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This article describes life and works of Dutch anatomist and botanist Pieter Pauw (1564-1617). Special attention paid to anatomical theatre at Leiden University established by him in 1597 and foundation of famous anatomical school. His contribution to clinical medicine (first documented description of diabetes insipidus and retinoblastoma), anatomy (discovery of maxillary sinus, "ossiculus Pavonius") and botany (development of botanical garden) is described.

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Nowadays energy drinks are very popular, especially among young people. Their adverse effect on the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and on some organs of the digestive system is well studied. Of great practi- cal interest is the study of the complex effect of energy drinks on the gastrointestinal tract and, in particular, on the stomach during regular, long-term consumption of energy drinks, as well as when they are consumed together with physical activity, due to the popularity of energy drink consumption during sports activities. The aim of the study was to establish the peculiarities of structural changes in the stomach tissues of rats when energy drinks are consumed with and without additional physical exertion. The experiment was performed on 54 two-month-old male Wistar rats. Animals of the experimental groups daily for 10, 30 and 60 days received intragastrically with 10 ml/kg energy drink. Some of these animals were additionally subjected to physical load simulated on a treadmill. The control group of animals received distilled water in the same volume. Histological descriptive analysis revealed no significant structural changes in the gastric mucosa in the group of rats administered the energy drink for 10 days compared with the control group. Administration of the energy drink for 30 and 60 days leads to the appearance of degenerative-necrotic and inflammatory changes in the stomach, as well as an increase in its acid-producing and mucus-forming function. In the group of animals with simulated physical loadtogether with energy drink consumption, the changes are similar in their direction and expression to those found in the group of rats without additional physical load.

В статье изложена биография выдающегося английского ученого и врача XVII века Томаса Уиллиса. Дано краткое ретроспективное описание истории изучения артериального анастомоза основания головно-го мозга, который в настоящее время широко известен под эпонимическим названием «Виллизиев круг». Чтобы познакомить читателя с эволюцией ученой мысли в отношении особенностей артериального кро-воснабжения основания головного мозга, приведены высказывания и характеристика мнений известных медиков, начиная с эпохи античности по XVII век. The article outlines biography of Thomas Willis who was an outstanding scientist and physician of the 17 th century. A brief description is given concerning the history of exploration of cerebral arterial anastomosis currently known under an eponymic denomination of "Willis's circle". Some notorious medics of the past from antiquity up to the 17 th century are quoted to acquaint a reader with a trend of scientific thoughts in the matter of human brain's basal blood supply.

This article describes the eponymous terms in anatomical nomenclature of the cerebral arteries. There are historical references revealing the etymology of described eponyms, including information about the professional and personal life of doctors and scientists who had first discovered or described particular structure of the cerebral arterial network. Chronology of the discovery of the cerebral arterial circle is described in details. It is shown that some eponymous terms contain the names of several doctors who studied a particular medical issue simultaneously, which is a reflection of the stages of the medical science development and the evidence of the continuity of scientific knowledge.

This article describes the treatise “De fractura calve” (“About skull fractures”) of the famous Italian Renaissance physician and anatomist Jacopo Berengario da Carpi, published in 1518. In this work, rightly considered a milestone in the history of neurosurgery and neurotraumatology, the author not only described the symptoms of head injuries, but also offered their classification, basics of differential diagnosis, surgical tactics, and the necessary instruments.