Present study aimed to explore the cultural differences in intelligence. To explore the purpose simple random samples of 440 students (Urban school students=220, Rural school students=220) of age ranging from 12 to 15 years old was drawn from urban and rural areas of district Abbott bad KPK Pakistan. Educational level of school students was 8 th class. Survey technique was adopted for data collection. Raven's Standard Progressive matrices test was used by the researcher in face to face interview to collect the data. To evaluate the significance of results, t-test was applied. Results indicated that urban school students have better intellectual level as compared to rural school students. Findings also revealed the gender difference between intellectual levels of students, that showed female students have high level of non-verbal intelligence as compared to male students. Result indicated that urban male students score high on non-verbal intelligence as compare to rural male students, similarly urban female students comparatively score higher than rural female students.

This study was conducted to inspect the relationship between Boredom and Body Focused Repetitive Behavior Disorders among adolescents (excoriation, trichotillomania, nail biting). The sample(n=130) of this study was comprised of adolescents including both educated males and females. The scales that were used in the current study are The Trichotillomania Scale for Children/adolescents (Tolin et al., 2008), The skin picking scale (Snorrosam et al., 2012) and Nail -Biting Scale (Claes & Vandereycken, 2007). The scales that were used in the current study are Short Boredom Proneness Scale (SBPS) (Struk et al., 2016) The Trichotillomania Scale for Children/adolescents (Tolin et al., 2008), The skin picking scale (Snorrosam et al., 2012) and Nail -Biting Scale (Claes & Vandereycken, 2007). The study concluded the positive relationship of anxiety with BFRBD. The findings of study will increase the understanding of the knowledge of critical age period of adolescence with respect to Body focused repetitive disorders. The findings of this study will help the psychologists, counsellors, psychiatrists and therapists to design and plan the therapeutic interventions for BFRBD. Keywords: Body focused repetitive behavior disorder, Trichotillomania, Excoriation, Adolescents

The current study includes Urdu translation and validation of Borderline Personality Features Scale–11 (BPFS-11) in two phases. Phase 1 included forward and back translation of BPFS-11, and Phase 2 included establishment of psychometric properties for BPFS-11. For this purpose, 930 adolescents were selected from different hospitals, schools, and colleges. The reliability value of the scale was .72. Exploratory factor analysis revealed factor structure with four principal dimensions; besides confirmatory factor analysis, goodness-of-fit indices indicated good fit of model to data, and two dimensions of scale and factors showed good values of internal consistency. The obtained value for goodness-of-fit index was .995, for adjusted goodness-of-fit index was .989, for comparative fit index was .998, for incremental fit index was .998, and for root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) value was .019. Good values of composite reliability and convergent validity were measured for both dimensions of the scale. The analysis of criterion-related validity showed significant positive correlation of BPFS-11 with Affective Lability Scale, Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory, and neuroticism scale of Big Five Inventory. Significant differences were found between scores of individuals having borderline personality disorder and scores of normal individuals. The results of the current study indicated that BPFS-11 is short and easily administered diagnostic tool that has good psychometric properties and can be helpful for diagnosis of borderline personality features in adolescents. It can enhance the understanding of the participants regarding the statements of the scale for Urdu natives.

No abstract

BackgroundThe course of Huntington’s disease (HD) is slowly progressive, typically over 20–30 years with little in the way of acute fluctuations, so any acute deterioration in either cognitive or motor symptoms justifies a search for an inter current illness. Here we describe three cases in which serious comorbidities were mistakenly ascribed to deterioration of HD.Case historiesCase 1: A 64 year old lady with moderately advanced HD was still able to mobilise independently. Following a fall, she was admitted to hospital with increased chorea and some weakness, and a urinary tract infection was initially suspected. She went on to develop further weakness and urinary retention and eventually turned out to have a C2-7 spinal haematoma causing cord compression. She underwent decompression with some improvement.Case 2: A 58 year old man developed progressive weakness, reduced chorea and urinary retention following a fall. This was initially ascribed to progression of his HD and he was treated conservatively, but a subsequent MRI demonstrated complete dislocation of his cervical cord at C5. Surgery was not possible and he was treated palliatively.Case 3: A 42 year old woman presented with vomiting, reduced oral intake, severe constipation, confusion, restlessness and insomnia. Symptoms were attributed to her HD, but turned out to be secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism and improved with treatment.ConclusionsAll three cases demonstrate the diagnostic difficulties of clinical deterioration in a chronic progressive condition like HD. In all cases the initial symptoms did not trigger any suspicion of comorbidity amongst admitting physicians until further deterioration had taken place and concerns were raised by a specialist HD team. This led to delayed diagnosis which may have been associated with poor outcomes in two of the cases. Strategies for better recognising comorbidities in HD are discussed.

The objective of the study was to determine how much age, income, education, health promoting and health impairing behavior correlates and predict the psychopathology (depression) among pregnant women. The sample was taken from the maternity units of the government, private hospitals and clinics of Faisalabad district. The sample of 432 pregnant women in 1st trimester was taken by purposive sampling technique. The demographics were age, income, education of pregnant women. Prenatal Health Behavior Scale (PHBS) was used to measure the health promoting and health impairing behavior and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to measure the psychopathology. The findings revealed that age and health impairing behavior positively predicted depression (β = .19, p < .001), (β = .48, p < .001) respectively while income, education and health promoting behavior negatively predicted depression (β = -.09, p < .01), (β = -.08, p < .05), (β = -.31, p < .001) respectively. The ∆R2 value of .38 revealed that 38% change in the variance of model 1 and model 2 with ∆F (2,426) =189.48, p < .001.The findings revealed that age, income, education, health promoting behavior and health impairing behavior are significantly associated and predictors of depression. Keywords: Pregnancy, Psychopathology, Health promoting behavior, Health impairing behavior

The current study aims to translate and cross language validate the emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ) from English to Urdu. The process of study was divided into two phases: Phase one employed the forward-back translation (Brislin, 1976) approach, while phase two described the psychometric properties of the translated version of the ERQ into Urdu. On a sample of 503 students, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to verify the factor structure of the Urdu translated version. The alpha reliability value of the ERQ was good (α=.81). EFA and CFA confirmed two-factor model with good model fit indices (CRS, GFI, AGFI, and CFI) all the values fell in the acceptable range of .95 to.97, p >.05 and RMSEA <.06, χ²/df < 3.The estimated composite reliability, convergent validity, construct validity and criterion-related validity for both factors was satisfactory. A final model of ERQ with two dimensions in the Urdu language is the best fit for Pakistani culture in Urdu and to evaluate how people emotionally regulate different situations. A statistically significant gender difference in the adaptation of emotion regulation techniques was also revealed by the results of the current study. Keywords: Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Cognitive Reappraisal, Expressive Suppression, Urdu, Pakistan

The objective of the study was to assess the level and prevalence of trauma and its impact on individuals who faced trauma in their life. Cross sectional survey comprised of 153 trauma survivors with an age range of 18 to 67 years selected through purposive sampling. The demographics of trauma survivors were gender, age, family system, marital status, occupation, and nature of trauma survivors. PTSD Check List – Civilian Version (PCL-C) was used to measure posttraumatic stress disorder among trauma survivors. The trauma survivors' sample consisted of 54.9 percent males and 45.1 percent females. In relation to the nature of trauma, 29.4% had an accident in their family, 27.5 % faced trauma due to the death of a family member, 14.4 % faced trauma due to sexual abuse, 8.5% faced trauma due to an incident in the family, 5.9% encountered trauma due to earthquake, 5.2% faced trauma due to fire, 2.6% faced trauma due to loss in body parts, 2.0 percent faced trauma due to miscarriage and remaining 4.8% faced trauma due to others. The findings of the current study showed the male accident trauma survivors experienced 41% mild, 35% moderate and 24% severe PTSD symptoms while female exhibited 63% moderate and 37% severe PTSD symptoms. Female sexual abuse trauma survivors experienced 27% mild, 67% moderate, and 6% severe PTSD symptoms while male experienced moderate PTSD symptoms only. Males who experienced the death of a family member exhibited 20% mild, 65 % moderate, and 15% severe PTSD symptoms while females experienced 59 % moderate and 41% severe PTSD symptoms. In case of death of friend males 5% moderate, 5% severe PTSD symptoms and 4 % of females showed Moderate PTSD symptoms due to domestic violence. 5% of males revealed Moderate,10% severe while female revealed 4% mild,12 % moderate 8% severe symptoms of PTSD due to earthquake. 4 % of females showed mild and 8% severe PTSD symptoms due to miscarriage. 10% of males revealed mild,10% severe while female revealed 16% severe symptoms of PTSD due to fire. 5% of males revealed Moderate,5% severe due to occupation incidents. 5% of males revealed mild PTSD symptoms,15% moderate while females revealed 12.5% moderate, and 5% severe PTSD symptoms due to occupational incidents in the family. Among the trauma survivors of loss of business males showed 10% moderate and 10% severe PTSD symptoms. Among the trauma survivors of blast 5% of males showed mild and 4% of females showed severe PTSD symptoms. A demographic survey of the Hazara Division revealed females were more victims of trauma as compared to their male counterparts (t = 4.67, p < .001). Keywords: Prevalence, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Nature of Trauma, Gender