Abstract. Suwardi AB, Navia ZI, Harmawan T, Seprianto, Syamsuardi, Mukhtar E. 2022. Diversity of wild edible fruit plant species and their threatened status in the Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1311-1319. Aceh Province, Indonesia is home to a diverse range of tropical fruit plants. However, increased anthropogenic activities such as population growth and natural disasters resulted in various biological resources such as wild edible fruit plants being under threat. The study aimed to assess the diversity and threatened status of wild edible fruit plant species in the Aceh Province of Indonesia. The study was conducted in six regencies, namely Aceh Tamiang, Aceh Timur, Aceh Selatan, Aceh Utara, Aceh Barat, and Aceh Tengah. At each study area, a line transect of 1,000 meters was laid from the forest's edge into the forest. Wild edible fruit plant species discovered along the transect were collected and given local names. A total of 129 wild edible fruit plant species at six studied areas in the Aceh Province belonged to 38 families. The highest number of fruit plant species was recorded in the district of Aceh Tamiang, i.e., 63 species, followed by Aceh Selatan (56 species), Aceh Barat (46 species), Aceh Timur (37 species), Aceh Utara (31 species), and Aceh Tengah (23 species). Mangifera foetida Lour., Mangifera odorata Griff., Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr., Ficus altissima Blume, Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume, Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Passiflora foetida L., and Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. were the most frequently recorded wild fruit plant species in all regencies. From 129 wild edible fruit species recorded in the study areas, 35% are currently classified as Least Concern, 6% as Vulnerable, 3% as Near Threatened, 2% as Low Risk, 2% as Data Deficient, and 52% of species in the IUCN red list had No Available Data. Community-based conservation through domestication of wild edible fruit plant species can be one of the management strategies for the conservation of wild edible fruit plants in Aceh Province.

Abstract. Syamsuardi, Mukhtar E, Nurainas, Suwardi AB. 2022. Diversity and use of wild edible fruits in the Bukit Rimbang - Bukit Baling Wildlife Reserve, Kampar, Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5035-5042. The Bukit Rimbang-Bukit Baling Wildlife Reserve is a protected area with a diverse ecosystem and vegetation. The area provides many ecosystem services that are critical to life, particularly for humans. The aim of this study is to document wild edible fruits and their use by the community surrounding the Bukit Rimbang-Bukit Baling Wildlife Reserve. The study was carried out in eight villages of Kampar district, Riau province, namely Tanjung Belit, Tanjung Belit Selatan, Gema, Kota Lama, Muara Bio, Muara Selayah, IV Koto Setingkai, and Sungai Rambai. This study was based on field surveys, plant collection, and interviews with the local people. Interviews were performed with 334 respondents selected by using the random sampling technique. A total of 67 wild edible fruit plant species, consisting of 29 families, have been documented in the study area. Artocarpus integer, Mangifera odorata, Mangifera foetida, Nephelium maingayi, Durio oxleyanus, Syzygium polyanthum, Pometia pinnata, Baccaurea deflexa, Garcinia xanthochymus, and Bellucia pentamera were among the plants recognized and frequently harvested by respondents. Local communities use wild edible fruits as food, either eaten raw or processed into candy, snacks, or vegetables. About 54% of the respondents reported traditional knowledge linked to wild edible fruits is transferred from the parents/grandparents to the next generations in the study area. The expansion of agricultural lands and the decline in traditional knowledge are the main threats to the sustainability of wild edible fruits in the study area.

Abstract. Syamsuardi, Nurainas, Taufiq A, Harmawan T, Suwardi AB. 2021. Aneuk Jamee traditional foods in the South Aceh District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 443-454. The traditional foods of the Aneuk Jamee Tribe have a long history and unique traditions passed down for thousands of years. However, a lack of information about indigenous and traditional foods of the Aneuk Jamee Tribe will lead to a decline in local knowledge of traditional foods, particularly among the younger generation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the variety of Aneuk Jamee traditional foods in the South Aceh District of Indonesia. The study was conducted in South Aceh, Indonesia, Labuhan Haji Timur, Kota Bahagia, and Kluet Selatan Sub-districts. The study involved 90 respondents (30 from each sub-district) chosen at random. The interview was conducted using a questionnaire covering the respondents' backgrounds, traditional food names, food composition, mode of preparation, and uses. As a result, 52 Aneuk Jamee's traditional foods were identified from three sub-districts of South Aceh District, including 41 types of traditional cuisine and 11 types of traditional snacks. All respondents recognised Gulai ciik minyak, Gulai taleh, Gulai paku, Gulai cabadak, Gulai kabau, Gulai kambieng, Gulai ikan panjang, Gulai kitang, Kue kakareh, Limpieng sagu, and Limpieng ubi as Aneuk Jamee traditional foods. On the other hand, less than 20% of respondents were familiar with other traditional foods, such as Lamang ubi. The Aneuk Jamee Tribe has an excellent system for passing down traditional knowledge from generation to generation. Fifty-six plant species consisting of 47 genera and 28 families were used as Aneuk Jamee traditional food. The Aneuk Jamee Tribe prepares various foods from various plant species to maintain their health and contribute to household income and conservation efforts.

Abstract. Solfiyeni, Syamsuardi, Chairul, Mukhtar E. 2022. Impacts of invasive tree species Bellucia pentamera on plant diversity, microclimate and soil of secondary tropical forest in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 3135-3146. The invasion of alien species in a region can alter species diversity. Bellucia pentamera Naudin is considered an alien invasive plant that has spread from Mexico to tropical America, and it is now invading some areas in Indonesia, including the tropical forest of Sumatra. Yet, the effects of its invasion on vegetation and the abiotic environment are not yet well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of B. pentamera on species diversity and structure of vegetation, and microclimate and soil conditions of secondary tropical forests in West Sumatra. Vegetation analysis was conducted in secondary forest Bukit Tengah Pulau, South Solok, with three levels of dominance of B. pentamera namely: site 1 and 2 (60% and 16% dominance of B. pentamera respectively) and site 3 (no individual of B. pentamera). Sampling was conducted using a nested plot to collect data for tree, sapling and understorey vegetation for each site. The results showed the total number of tree species at sites 1, 2, and 3 were 23 species, 46 species, and 74 species respectively. For sapling, 20 species were found at site 1, 31 species at site 2, and 58 species at site 3. For understorey plants, 13, 16 and 36 species were detected at site 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The number of species at tree and sapling levels differed significantly among sites. The basal area also differed significantly among sites but not for sapling level. Site 1 was dominated by B. pentamera with Important Value Index (IVI) 130.8%), followed by Croton argyratus (27.63%), and Ficus variegata (26.47%). At site 2, B. pentamera dominated with IVI of 33.68%, followed by Lepisanthes sp. (20.01%) and Sizygium sp. (14.44%). Site 3 was dominated by Palaquium warsurifolium with IVI of 21.15% followed by Croton argyratus (20.02%) and Macaranga hypoleuca (13.21%). Diversity index (H') for tree-level was moderate at site 1 (H' = 1.78) and high at sites 2 and 3 (H' = 3.48 and 4.05). Similarly, the index for sapling was moderate at site 1 (H'= 2.12) and high at sites 2 and 3 (H'= 3.22 and 3.84). For understorey, the diversity index was low at site 1 (H'= 0.82) and moderate at sites 2 and 3 (H'= 1.8 and 2.86). Sites invaded by B. pentamera had a lower soil water content and higher temperature and light intensity, although they had higher nitrogen and phosphorus contents. Our findings suggest that the invasion of B. pentamera had negative impacts on plant biodiversity and microclimate, yet the impact was not clear cut on the soil.

Abstract. Damanik R, Pasaribu N, Siregar ES, Syamsuardi. 2022. The family Plagiochilaceae (Marchantiophyta) in Batang Toru Forest, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 3127-3134. Investigation on the liverwort family Plagiochilaceae in Batang Toru Forest, North Sumatra, Indonesia resulted in ten taxon of Plagiochilaceae namely Plagiochilion oppositum, Plagiochila bantamensis, Plagiochila dendroides, Plagiochila denticulate, Plagiochila frondescens, Plagiochila junghuhniana, Plagiochila propinqua, Plagiochila sciophila, Dinckleria singularis, Plagiochila sumatrana, distributed under three genera Dinckleria (1 species), Plagiochila (8 species) and Plagiochilion (1 species). Plagiochila junghuhniana was the most observed species, while Plagiochila sciophilia was the least frequently encountered species in the forest.

Pollen morphology of nine taxa of Globba (Globba leucantha, G. patens, G. variabilis, G. hasseltii,, G. fecunda, G. atrosanguinea, G. aurantiaca, G. multifolia dan G. Paniculata) that collected from various fi elds in the regions of West Sumatra were examined. Four diagnostic characteristics (pollen types, shapes, apertures and ornamentations) were examined and photographed by scanning electron microscopes (SEM). There was variation of pollen characteristics between nine species of West Sumatran Globba. The pollen shape of fi ve Globba species (G. leuchanta, G. fecunda, G. atrosanguinea) was oblate. The spheroidal shapes were detected at G. variabilis, G. hasseltii dan G. multifolia. The unique prolete shape only detected at Globba patens. For aperture characteristics, the existence aperture were detected at pollens of four species (G. leuchanta G. patens G. atrosanguinea and G. aurantiaca) but was not detected at pollens of G. variabilis, G. hasseltii G. fecunda, G. multifolia, and G. paniculata. Four types of exine ornamentation characters were detected namely: echinate-retikulate at G. leuchanta, G. fecunda, and G. atrosanguinea; echinate-granulate at G. patens, G. hasseltii, G. multifolia, G. aurantiaca, and unique echinate-perforate and echinate-psilate were detected at G. variabilis and G. paniculata, respectively. All nine West Sumatran Globba species have the spina with variation in length (1.17 to 2.10 μm). These palynological data appear to be informative and useful for distingusing among species of Globba and for elucidating among Globba species.

Abstract. Solfiyeni, Mukhtar E, Syamsuardi, Chairul. 2022. Distribution of invasive alien plant species, Bellucia pentamera, in forest conservation of oil palm plantation, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 3667-3674. Bellucia pentamera has been found in disturbed forests across Indonesia, but little is known about how it spreads under its tree canopy. The spread of the invasive plant B. pentamera in the PT KSI conservation forest area was investigated. The goal of this research is to study B. pentamera's strategy for exploiting forest gaps horizontally and vertically on degraded forest vegetation invaded by B. pentamera at various degrees of invasion. An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and direct field mapping are used for the mapping approach. Aerial photographs revealed 40 B. pentamera trees and 32 non-B. pentamera trees in forest areas with varying degrees of B. pentamera invasion (based on the ratio of B. pentamera non-B. pentamera: dense and loose). Bellucia pentamera trees were distributed evenly in a large gap and randomly in a small gap/space between the canopy, whereas sapling and seedling B. pentamera trees were distributed in groups, uniformly and randomly, according to microhabitat conditions under the canopy of B. pentamera and non-tree trees. Bellucia pentamera seedlings and saplings were detected under the parent tree's canopy rather than in the canopy gaps. Different responses were seen in seedlings, saplings, and juvenile stages concerning the explanatory factors investigated and between the two stands. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors that influence the distribution of the B. pentamera species in conservation forest areas with different compositions of existence, both vertically and horizontally, using drones and direct measurements in the field.

Durio oxleyanus is a threatened species native to Southeast Asia, particularly Borneo and Sumatra. Future climate changes are expected to have a significant impact on D. oxleyanus. The aims of this study, therefore, were (1) assessing the potential distribution of D. oxleyanus in Sumatra, (2) determining the main variables influencing D. oxleyanus distribution and their suitable range, and (3) simulating the changing trend of D. oxleyanus suitable habitat under climate change scenarios. We modeled the current and future distributions of D. oxleyanus using three representative concentration pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5). The findings demonstrate that the AUC values of all simulations were greater than 0.916. The key environmental variables influencing the potential distribution of D. oxleyanus were mean temperature of the coldest quarter (20-25ºC), elevation (400-800 m), temperature seasonality (50-60%), and precipitation of coldest quarter (500-750 mm). The highly suitable habitat covered 1,303.85 ha, with the majority of it concentrated in two provinces, i.e. Aceh and Sumatera Barat. The total areas of the suitable habitat of D. oxleyanus showed decreasing trends under the three climate change scenarios, and the geometric center of the highly suitable habitat shifted westsouth of Sumatra. Our findings can serve as a scientific foundation for the protection, cultivation, and long-term management of D. oxleyanus.