Introduction: Patient satisfaction is an important and commonly used valid indicator for themeasurement of service quality. Patient responses to healthcare services are one of the bestways to obtain information about patient views regarding the quality of healthcare. The mainaim of the study was to find out the patient’s satisfaction level in the tertiary care center. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 94 outpatients at a tertiary carecenter. Data were collected after obtaining ethical clearance from the institutional review committee.Patients were selected conveniently who visited any four of the major department. We collecteddemographic data and the patient satisfaction towards outpatient clinic experience was studied. Weused the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire–18 to assess patient satisfaction. Data were entered andanalyzed in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23. The mean score and the standarddeviation were calculated. Results: Overall satisfaction was 74.78% with a mean value of 3.7394±0.40128. The highest satisfactionscore was found in regards to the interpersonal manner of health personnel (4.2872±0.61561) followedby communication (3.9628±0.40982) and the lowest was seen in accessibility and convenience(3.2394±0.81478). Conclusions: The mean score and percentage of patient satisfaction were high in the hospital.However, the accessibility and availability of medical personnel were only a matter of concern.

Introduction: Many college students suffer from sleep disorders, including insomnia, and sleep deprivation, resulting in a poor sleep quality. Students are at risk for sleep disorders, and those at risk may also be at risk for academic failure. The main aim of the study is to assess the level of sleep quality among college students in Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 504 students of class 11 and 12 of any faculties among selected colleges of Kathmandu. Simple random sampling was used for selection of colleges. Ethical approval was taken before data collection. Participants with chronic medical illness and mental disorders were excluded from the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the information related to socio-demography, and Pittsburgh sleep quality index was used to assess the sleep quality in college students. All data extracted from questionnaires were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Out of 504 students, 40.9% were found to have good sleep quality, whereas, 59.1% were found to have poor sleep quality. 55.21% of male students and 65.78% of female students had poor sleep quality. 58.30% of science students and 59.85 % of management students had poor sleep quality. Conclusions: The quality of sleep among Nepalese college students was found to be poor. Many colleges are unaware of the risks or issues to the students.

Background: Early and late introduction of complementary feeding is associated with increased morbidity and nutritional deficiencies in children. In 2016, the under 5 mortality rate of Nepal was 39 deaths per 1000 live births and around 1 million under 5 children had suffered from chronic malnutrition. The main aim of this study was to identify the level of knowledge and practice regarding complementary feeding among the mothers of children aged group 6 to 24 months in Bhanu Municipality, Tanahu District, Nepal.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 158 mothers of children age group 6 to 24 months from ward number 1 and 2 in Bhanu Municipality, Tanahu District, Nepal. Data collection was done after taking ethical approvalby using a semi-structured questionnaire via face-to-face interviews. Collected data were entered and descriptive analysis was carriedout in Statistical Package for the Social Services version 20. Categorical variables were presented using frequency and percentage. Clopper-pearson method was used to determine 95% confidence interval.Results: Out of 158 respondents, 26.6% (95%CI:19.9,34.2) had inadequate knowledge, whereas 73.4% (95%CI:65.8, 80.1) had adequate knowledge on complementary feeding. Likewise, the study revealed that 51.9%(95%CI: 43.8, 59.9) did the right practice, while 48.1%(95%CI: 40.1,56.2) were involved in the wrong practice on complementary feeding. Only 39 % mothers gained the knowledge about complementary feeding from the health workers. 2.5% of mother had exclusively breastfed their child up to just 3 months. Conclusions: Despite the good level of knowledge about complementary feeding, the wrong practice was prevalent in about half of the mothers. As a result, enhancing existing strategies and developing new intervention measures including capacity building of healthworkers to improve child feeding practices must be mandatory actions for the government and policymakers.Keywords: Complementary feeding; knowledge; Nepal; practice

Introduction: Anxiety and depression are among the most common mental health problems, and they are highly comorbid with each other. Many college students experience several mental health issues because of academic pressure, family expectations, difficult environment, and controlling people. Hence, the objective of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression in college students of Kathmandu, Nepal, as very limited studies have been conducted in this area. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 504 students (317 male & 187 female, age range = 15 to 21 years, mean age = 17.12±0.90 years) of grade 11 and 12 studying in nine randomly selected colleges of Kathmandu valley, Nepal. Participants with chronic medical illness and severe mental disorders were excluded from the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain the information related to socio-demography, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to assess the status of anxiety and depression in college students. Data were entered and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results were presented in frequency and percentage. Results: The prevalence of anxiety in college students was 53.97%. Where, 28.57% students had mild anxiety, 18.85% had moderate anxiety, and 6.55% had severe anxiety. Similarly, the prevalence of depression in college students was found to be 39.88%. Where, 22.42% students had mild depression, 13.69% had moderate depression, and 3.77% had severe depression.  Conclusion: The prevalence of both anxiety and depression among college students in Kathmandu valley, Nepal, was found to be very high. The Government of Nepal and other concerned bodies should pay attention to this area.

Introduction: Health seeking behavior refers to the action taken by the individuals to maintain, attain, and regain good health and to prevent the illness. Despite increasing number of health care delivery system in our country still people are not utilizing health service properly. As the age advances, there is a high chance of having both physical and mental impairment. Thus, the objective of the study was to assess health seeking behavior among elderly and to find-out factors associated with it. Method:  A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Nason Rural Municipality of Manang district among 115 elderly aged 60 or above. Semi-structured questionnaire was used for collecting the information. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 23 by using Simple statistical methods. Uni-variate analysis was done and was presented through frequency and percentage whereas, bivariate analysis was done and presented through chi-square test. Result: The main finding of the study showed that that all the participants (100%) were seeking help for health problem in which 90.6% seek  help from Modern medication and 9.4% seek help from Alternative medication. Ethnicity (0.024) and means of transportation (0.023) were only factors which was significantly associated with health seeking behavior Conclusion:  Based on the study findings, most of the respondents had visited Modern health services and only few of respondents had visited Traditional health services. Thus, health seeking behavior among elderly was better than the comparative studies

Introduction: Insomnia has found to have many effects and risks on young adult and also has reduced economic productivity of the individuals as well as country. The prevalence of insomnia in Nepalese college students might be high as there is ineffectiveness of education system in addition to the further practical courses. Thus, the main aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of insomnia and its associated factors among young adult in selected college of Kathmandu. Methods: A cross -sectional descriptive study was conducted among 421 young adult in selected college of Kathmandu Valley. Students were selected conveniently. Data were collected after obtaining ethical approval. Semi-structured questionnaire and Insomnia Severity Index was used to assess the level of insomnia. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS V 20. Univariate analysis was done and presented using frequency and percentage. Bivariate study was done by using the chi-sq. test in which p≤ 0.05 was considered for association between dependent and independent variable. Results: Out of 421 young adults, 379 were found to have insomnia. Insomnia was significantly associated with the use social media (0.013), the living condition (0.027) and economic status of the respondent (0.024). Conclusions: The study had shown high prevalence of insomnia among students in selected colleges of Kathmandu valley. Thus, the concerned authorities should be aware about insomnia and its health impact in young adults and should plan and implement various program for the prevention and control of the insomnia and its long term impact.

Background: There seems to be huge differences in availability and utilization of Sexual and Reproductive Health information and services despite of taking decisive step by Government of Nepal. The main aim of the study is to access the utilization and factors associated with SRH services among adolescents.  Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among 406 adolescent students of grade 11 and 12 which were taken as census in selected higher secondary schools of Kathmandu District through simple random sampling technique. The utilization of SRH services was assessed by semi-structured validated and pretested questionnaire which includes socio-demographic, utilization of sexual health and reproductive health (SRH) services and sexual behaviours. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS version 20 where Chi-square tests is done to identify the associated factors with utilization SRH services utilization.Results: Overall utilization in last 12 months was 17.2% and was found to be strongly associated with availability of services within 30 minutes of walking distance (p value=0.001), interaction with parents (p-value: 0.02) and with sexually being active within 12 months (p value=0.001). Utilization of SRH services was slightly higher among females (19.8%) compared to males (15.3%). Most utilized services were services related to menstrual problems and family planning including ECP. This study concludes that fear of family and society hinders the utilization of SRH services.Conclusions: As adolescent fear to talk and seek for the services, due to the social cultural norms and stigma attached to SRH services, utilization among adolescent of selected colleges in Kathmandu is low.

Introduction: Hypertension is now becoming an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries which leads to a major public health problem. It is necessary for an assessment of an individual’s hypertension self-care behavior and its associated factors in order to provide clinicians about important information regarding how to better control hypertension. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the self-care practices among hypertensive patients of all age group and to understand the factors associate with it. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Tsum-Nubri Rural Municipality of Gorkha district among 68 hypertensive patients. Self-care activities were measured using a semi-structured questionnaire with the H-hypertension self-care activity level effects (H-SCALE) and the data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 16. Uni-variate analysis was done and was presented through frequency and percentage whereas, bivariate analysis was by using chi-square test where P value <0.05 was considered to be association between dependent and independent variables Results: Adherence to the recommended levels of medication was reported to 25%; only 8.8% followed the physical activity level guidelines. None of the participants showed adherence to weight management and low- salt diet recommendation. 51.5% of them were adherence to non-smoking and alcohol abstinence. Marital status (0.005), education level (0.003) and monthly household income (0.003) were significantly associated with adherence to non-smoking. Also, body mass index (0.001) was significantly associated with the physical activity. Conclusions: Based on study findings, life style modification and regular monitoring must be considered in order to increase good self-care practice