<p>A technique is proposed for estimating the probability of the possible appearance of defective products or the inconsistency of the production service on the basis of indexes of suitability and reproducibility of the production process.</p><p>The index of reproduction is recommended to be calculated on the basis of the standard deviation, which can be established by the average span of the control map and the limits of the tolerance field. At the same time, the production process must necessarily be in a state of statistical controllability. The suitability index cannot be calculated on the basis of the control card characteristics, but it is evaluated solely on the basis of the total of the standard deviation, which is calculated by the Bessel formula and the tolerance limits. The production process does not need to be statistically controllable. Conclusions on the suitability or insufficiency of the products (production services) are based on the value of the indexes of reproduction and suitability, which can take values less than or greater than one. On the basis of these indexes of obtained values, the probability of production appearance or characteristics of the production process, that does not match the established requirements, is established.</p>
Modernization problems of known equipment now are actual enough for different branches of the mechanical engineering. Therefore, a lot of time and efforts is spent on rationalization and automation of synthesis and analysis of modernized objects. The known methods and the software tools for synthesis and analysis of schemes of different equipment and technologies for the machine building production are not enough universal and labor-intensive, because a significant part of work for their realization is fulfilled by high-qualified specialists without of use of computers. There is an improved method of criterial synthesis and analysis elaborated in this article. This method allows with relatively small expenses of time to receive effective variants of different equipment with consideration of the all main initial conditions and parameters and with a possibility of determination with help of simple formulas of the most important criterions of their evaluation for founded selection of the most effective variant. Under realization of the proposed method as main initial parameters of the projected equipment for machining, loading-unloading or transportation are used: equipment destination, its admissible dimension, mass, working capacity, cost, power-consuming, accuracy. Taking in consideration these initial parameters at the next stages are selected admissible variants of modernization. Final evaluation and selection of the most prospective variants are made under criterions of admissible dimension, mass, working capacity, cost, power-consuming, degrees of standardization, unification and automation. At basis of the proposed method can be elaborated a computer program of automated synthesis and analysis for high-effective modernization of modern equipment and technologies for the machine building production.
There are schemes of equipment for dehydration of damp dispersive waste of food productions (spirit grain, beer pallets, beet pulp, coffee and barley slag) analyzed in this article. These wastes at the majority of food enterprises of Ukraine are poured out onto the ground and that leads to environment pollution. However, in case of dehydration of these wastes to humidity 20 – 25%, they can be used as valuable additions to agricultural forages or as high-energy fuels. Thus, the problems of waste utilization and protection of nature from pollutions are resolved simultaneously. Besides, the enterprise gets a profit from the sales of forage additions or fuel. The known equipment for mechanical dehydration, for example, the screw-presses and the decanter centrifuges, provides the waste final humidity no less 74 – 76%, therefore waste demand of an additional drying after the dehydration at this equipment. That brings to a significant increase of energy expenses. An application of the vibro-blowing dehydration at the installations with the hydraulic pulse drive provides waste final humidity 20 – 25%, but these installations are complex by design, have big dimensions and high cost. A drying in pulverizing or in vacuum dryers is most power-consuming dehydration method (expenses of energy - 740 ÷ 2248 kW h/ ton of dehydrated waste). Equipment for the chemical and biological dehydration is the large multiple-unit complexes with low specific productivity. Therefore, article authors offer a scheme of the installation with the combined unbalanced and hydraulic drive that has a relatively simple design, compact dimensions, high reliability and at the same time, in correspondence with the authors’ estimation, will provide necessary, above indicated humidity. Also equations for determination of the main working parameter – the pressure in the press-form of the proposed installation are presented in the article.
The vast majority of modern research on the study of hydromechanical systems is based on the use of the theory of automatic control and management. One of the main components of technical machines and cells are their drives. Hydraulic drives are often used as power. In general, its functional and operational characteristics have a decisive influence on the properties of hydrodynamic systems and general technical machines. In this regard, close attention is paid to the study of hydraulic power drives. However, the power hydraulic drive of technical machines and units in one form or another necessarily includes both electric and mechanical drives, which turns it into a system of various drive systems. The vast majority of modern research is devoted to the study of hydraulic drives, which are based on spool-type hydraulics, which limits the possibility of using new structural materials in the drive systems of technical machines. Many technical machines and installations, especially in agro-industrial complexes, work in harsh conditions, with high temperatures and dust, low quality of working fluid and other unfavorable characteristics that significantly reduce the reliability of drive systems equipped with hydraulic spool types and quality equipment. At current levels of working pressure in the hydraulic system, the forces and speeds of the working bodies of technical machines and units of the agro-industrial complex, the compressibility of the working fluid and the flexibility of the hydraulic elements of the drive system are determined, become noticeable, which requires further improvement of theory and methodology. The theoretical basis of the method of calculating the equipment drive system has been improved on the basis of the complex characteristics of the hydraulic system introduced by the author - the resulting volumetric stiffness is used to simplify the drive modeling process by increasing the accuracy of calculation and analysis of its results.
This article is devoted to an overview of modern innovative cleaning technologies used in the food industry. The author reviews various methods of cleaning food products, including mechanical, thermal, and chemical methods. Particular attention is paid to the latest purification technologies, such as membrane technology and ion exchange chromatography technology. The author also explores the possibilities of using nanotechnology in the food industry. One of the innovative cleaning technologies in the food industry is membrane filtration. This technology allows cleaning liquids and solutions from impurities, including bacteria and microorganisms, using membranes with different porosity. Membranes can be made of various materials, such as polymers, ceramics, metals and others. Another technology is ultrasonic cleaning, which is used to clean liquids of dirt, including food particles and microorganisms. During the ultrasonic cleaning process, high-frequency sounds are created in the liquid, which results in the creation of waves that break dirt and microorganisms into small particles that can be easily removed. In addition, innovative cleaning methods such as electrophoresis and photocatalytic cleaning are used in the food industry. Electrophoresis uses an electric field to clean liquids and solutions from impurities. Photocatalytic cleaning uses light and catalysts to clean liquids and air of contaminants. In the modern food industry, innovative cleaning technologies make it possible to improve the quality and safety of food products, reduce cleaning costs and preserve the environment. Such technologies are becoming more and more popular in the food industry and allow to provide consumers The article examines the advantages and disadvantages of each cleaning method, as well as its application in various branches of the food industry. Cleaning processes for various products such as milk, crops and meat are described in detail.
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