Self-defense as an inherent right owned by a country is regulated in Article 51 of the UN Charter and due to the use of Space-Based Missile Interceptor (SBMI) weapons in space, the 1967 outer space treaty must also be guided. Because Article 4 of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty prohibits the use of weapons in space, the legality of using SBMI weapons is questionable. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the legal provisions, forms of state accountability and the process of prosecuting compensation for countries using these weapons according to international law. The results of the study indicate that the use of SBMI weapons does not conflict with international law, because it is based on Article 103 of the UN Charter which states that if there are provisions in other legal rules that are contrary to the UN Charter, the UN Charter must be guided. So that self-defense actions based on Article 51 of the UN Charter do not violate the law. The party that must be absolutely responsible is the country that started the conflict, because it has violated the rules of international law in Article 2 paragraph (4) of the UN Charter and international humanitarian law. The compensation process is carried out according to the rules of the space liability convention 1972 and if in practice the party who is responsible does not show good faith in providing compensation, then it can be continued by referring to the dispute resolution process in the UN Charter.
<table width="583" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="371"><p><em>This article aimed to study about h</em><em>ow</em><em> </em><em>role of UNHCR in refugee protection</em><em> and </em><em> the legal protection for Rohingya refugees in Medan municipality</em><em>. </em><em>According to data from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (hereinafter abbreviated to UNHCR) </em><em>since</em><em> January 2012, there were 3275 asylum seekers and 1052 refugees</em><em>. </em><em>Most refugees come to Indonesia with the hope of being permanently resettled elsewhere, often in America or Australia, but increasingly stringent immigration policies, massive underfunding and a lack of resources to sustain the influx of newcomers have left them stuck here.</em><em> </em><em>This research uses a sosio-legal research with statute approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. </em><em>There are several provisions regarding refugees, but none have specifically discussed the handling of refugees in Indonesia. The positive law of immigration in Indonesia does not contain any special provisions (lex specialis) for asylum seekers and refugees. Because Indonesia has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol, the Indonesian government does not have the authority to deal with refugee problems. The authority to handle refugees is given to international organizations such as UNHCR which is a UN organization, IOM, ICRC and various other organizations or NGOs engaged in the humanitarian sector. However, the handling of this international organization has not been implemented optimally due to obstacles</em><em></em></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
Modernization is not only in the field of electronics, but also in the field of transportation. As a result of this modernization, many young people, especially children, are affected. The role of parents to monitor the growth and development of a child is very much expected in living life in the era of modernization. In the case file Number: BP/01/I/2017/Traffic. Police Report Number: LP/0204/244/XII/2016/LL contains a case of a traffic accident crime committed by a minor that caused the death of a pedestrian. Based on research and file analysis, the diversion step is a step taken by the Belawan Harbor Police Traffic Unit in resolving the traffic accident case committed by minors and is guided by Law No. 11 of 2012 and Supreme Court Regulation No. 4 of 2014 about diversion and procedures for its implementation. Factors that cause traffic accidents committed by minors in the jurisdiction of the Belawan Harbor Police Traffic Unit, namely; parental permission, a child's habits, long distance travelled, the child's living environment and the child's social environment. The prevention efforts of the Belawan Harbor Police Traffic Unit in preventing accidents carried out by minors were hindered by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the efforts of the Belawan Harbor Police Satlantas in handling the case file Number: BP/01/I/2017/Traffic. Police Report Number: LP/0204/244/XII/2016/LL should be appreciated and imitated by other police, because it prioritizes preventive action by taking a policy of diversion.
Indonesia is known as a maritime state which is associated with marine and fisheries activities. The existence of a harbor, such as the Port of Belawan in Medan City, often causes conflicts in the issue of marine fisheries, especially related to sea pollution. This article investigates the implementation of compensation when traditional fishermen are affected by environmental pollution, especially tankers, its opportunities and challenges in the Indonesian legal context. This study employed a normative and empirical approach, covering the study sites of North Sumatra and Riau Islands Province, which share the border with the Malacca Strait. To date, there are no rules regarding compensation for fishermen, however, there are some embryonic mode such as the existence of experienced human resources from the Environmental Agency of Riau Islands Province in the implementation of compensation for traditional fishermen affected by pollution of the marine environment. This study encourages the local government (i.e., the provincial government) to give more attention related to the compensation for traditional fishermen who are affected by pollution of the marine environment in the form of Regional Regulations or other policies.
Indonesia is the largest archipelago country in the world. Referring to UNCLOS in 1982, Indonesia sets the outermost small islands as the base line for the island. For Indonesia the position of the small islands holds a strategic role, especially from the defense aspect, and security to maintain the wholeness of its territory. This study emphasizes on the law the aspect of external small islands from several dimensions, such as spatial planning, environment, tourism, institutional, authority management between the central government level, province, and the district / town. The facts that have been shown in many countries, small islands that are managed effectively and comprehensively to be a foreign exchange to a country and give an economic life to its society. In contrast, the management of small islands, especially the outermost small islands receive quite many challenges, such as; limited accessibility, ports, streets, electricities, telecommunication, and accommodation supports. To show how available the legal instruments in the management of small islands are the models of eco marine tourism models of Serdang Bedagai. Natural resources inventory, and the beauty as a tourist attraction, makes Berhala Island in Serdang Bedagai as a promising as a eco marine tourism area. The analysis made by the law sincerization which regulates the outermost small islands that have been shown to manage development in institutions, coordination, management organization changes in the central level aspects, changes in regional authority in managing water regions could be seen as the slowing factor of management momentum in the outermost small islands of Indonesia. Development in nautical tourism in the outermost small islands in Indonesia, at least the approach paradigm from defense and security dimension to local empowerment dimension, and international society can be in the effective authorization aspect which in many international juridical decisions was made as judges consideration on ownership territories conflicts of disputed small islands.
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