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ABSTRACT. Insulin secretion is regulated by ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP). The potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11 (KCNJ11) gene, located on chromosome 11p15.1, encodes the subunit Kir6.2 that forms the pore region of KATP channels in pancreatic β-cells. Among the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with KCNJ11, the E23K polymorphism (rs5219) promotes a substitution (G > A) of a glutamic acid residue for lysine at position 23. The E23K SNP has been associated with diabetes in several populations, although with controversial results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the E23K SNP with type 1 and 2 diabetes in a case-control study approved by the Ethics Committee. We genotyped 458 Euro-Brazilian individuals, classified as healthy (control group, CTRL, N = 217), patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D, N = 102), and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2 S.W. Souza et al. Genetics and Molecular Research 16 (2): gmr16029543(T2D, N = 139). Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using BanII restriction digestion. The restriction fragments were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The genotype (EE/EK/KK) frequencies (%) for the CTRL group (38.2/50.2/11.6), T1D (34.3/52.0/13.7), and T2D (38.2/48.9/12.9) were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and there were no significant differences (CRTL vs T1D, P = 0.771; CRTL vs T2D, P = 0.937; T1D vs T2D, P = 0.831). The minor allele frequencies (MAF; K) for CTRL (37.0%), T1D (39.7%), and T2D (37.4%) were not different among the groups (P > 0.05). The MAF value for healthy subjects was similar to other Caucasian populations (34.5-37.5%). In summary, the E23K polymorphism (rs5219) was not associated with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus in the studied population.

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1D) is caused by the immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing islet β cells, and its pathogenesis involves cytokines. Genetic background may influence cytokine signals, and polymorphisms may determine their impact on T1D autoimmunity. Several polymorphisms in and close to Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-6 Receptor (IL-6R) have been identified as associated with pathological processes. We investigated the IL-6 promoter-174G>C (rs1800795) and IL-6R Asp358Ala (rs2228145) polymorphisms in 141 Euro-Brazilian patients with adult-onset type 1 diabetes (diagnosis > 18 years old) and 150 healthy controls, matched by gender and age. Genotyping for both polymorphisms was performed by PCR-RFLP. PCR fragments for rs1800795 with Hsp92II and rs1800795 with HindIII were resolved by 15% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The polymorphisms in both groups were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. IL-6 rs1800795 was not different between healthy controls and T1D subjects, showing 27.3% (95% CI, 20-35%) and 30.1% (23-38%) for the C minor allele (-174C), respectively. For IL-6R rs2228145, the ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 18 (3): gmr18260 L.P. Campos et al. 2 genotype (P = 0.046) and allele (P = 0.021) were different in the groups. The frequencies for rs2228145 C minor allele (358Ala) were 34.7% (27-43%) and 44.0% (36-51%) for controls and T1D subjects, respectively. In conclusion, IL-6 rs1800795 was not associated with adult-onset T1D; however, IL-6R rs2228145 was associated with T1D development in adulthood, and carriers of the minor C allele are at increased risk for adult-onset T1D (OR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.06-2.07).

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is considered a polygenic disease that is influenced by environmental factors and autoimmune responses to autoantibodies, resulting in metabolic abnormalities. Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) is involved in type I interferon signaling in beta cells, and TYK2 polymorphism rs2304256 has been associated with T1D. We investigated polymorphism rs2304256 (TYK2) in a case-control study of Euro-Brazilians with T1D manifested during childhood and adulthood. We studied 307 individuals manifesting clinical signs of type 1 diabetes (151 children below 14 years of age and 156 adults with diagnosis after 18 years of age). The control samples consisted of 169 healthy children and 150 healthy adult subjects. T1D groups had inadequate glycemic control because fasting glucose and mean HbA1C concentrations were significantly higher than in the control groups. Real-time PCR with