CONCUBINEI1 concubinatus deve essere nettamente distinto dal matrimonio e dal contubernium. I contubernales non avevano conubium a causa del loro status (almeno uno dei componenti la coppia era schiavo); nel concubinatus non c'era affectio maritalis, e poichè l'intenzione di sposarsi era il fattore principale nel determinare se il matrimonio esistesse o meno, la relazione legale fra due coabitanti poteva essere non sempre chiara agli occhi dei terzi. Il concubinatus era una relazione extra-legale, ma stabile ed abbastanza accettata da essere discussa dai giuristi e commemorata su iscrizioni tombali. Dopo avere esaminato le iscrizioni di Roma (che confermano le conclusioni di Rawson) e di altre città italiane pubblicate nel CIL, e le indicazioni offerte dai giuristi sullo status sociale delle concubinae, l'articolo giunge alla conclusione che, come le fonti letterarie ci fanno supporre, le concubine erano probabilmente inferiori ai loro partners, socialmente e forse anche economicamente. Quelle ricordate sulle iscrizioni sono raramente libertae dei loro conviventi, anche se i giuristi sembrano accettare che un uomo abbia per concubina la sua stessa liberta. Lo status di liberti o forse di cittadini è comune per ambedue i concubini. Donne ingenuae però, se pure potevano essere legalmente concubine, sono raramente attestate come tali nelle iscrizioni. L'evidenza che ci proviene dai giuristi e dagli epitaffi, anche se né gli uni nè gli altri danno un quadro completo della società, suggerisce che il concubinatus, se pure legale ed accettato, non era statisticamente tanto significativo quanto le fonti letterarie potrebbero farci credere. Si sostiene inoltre che non era previsto che un uomo avesse una moglie ed una concubina contemporaneamente.
Servilia is often cited as one of the most influential women of the late Roman Republic. Though she was a high-born patrician, her grandfather died disgraced and her controversial father was killed before he could stand for the consulship. She married twice, but both husbands, Marcus Iunius Brutus and Decimus Iunius Silanus, were mediocre. Her position in society and (it may be conjectured) her contacts, personality, ability, and charm gave her influence. It is likely that she masterminded the distinguished marriages of her one son, Brutus, and her three daughters. During her second marriage she entered on an affair with C. Iulius Caesar, which probably lasted for the rest of his life, a fact which also suggests her charm and her exceptional intelligence. The patchiness of the sources means that a full biography is impossible, though in suggesting connexions between the evidence and the possibilities open to women of similar status this volume aims to reconstruct her life and position as a member of the senatorial nobility and within her extended and nuclear family. The best attested period of Servilia’s life, for which the chief source is Cicero’s letters, follows the murder of Caesar by her son and her son-in-law, Cassius, who were leaders among the crowd of conspirators in the Senate-house on the Ides of March 44 BC. We find her working to protect the assassins’ interests and defending her grandchildren (by the Caesarian Lepidus) when he was a public enemy and his property threatened with confiscation.
The subject of this paper is the female of the species opifiaes and tabemarii, "craftsmen and shopkeepers and all that scum of the cities," as Cicero once indiscreetly called them. We need not believe him when he claims that they were always and everywhere ready for riot or revolution because they were so wretchedly poor, but for many of these workers it may have been hard to make ends meet, so that we should not be surprised to find wives or children gainfully employed. However, the range of jobs and the range of prosperity is wide, for we shall deal with a broad stratum of urban workers which includes importers of manufactured articles or raw materials, skilled craftsmen producing and selling luxury goods, humbler dealers, shopkeepers and pedlars of cheap objects, people who offered services.
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